Thermal Microwave Radiation Applications for Remote Sensing 1st Edition by Christian Matzler ISBN 978-0863415739 0863415733
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 0863415733
ISBN 13: 978-0863415739
Author: Christian Matzler
This book combines theoretical concepts with experimental results on thermal microwave radiation to advance the understanding of the complex nature of terrestrial media. With the emphasis on radiative transfer models the book covers the most urgent needs for the transition from the experimental phase of microwave remote sensing to operational applications. All terrestrial aspects are covered from the clear to the cloudy atmosphere, precipitation, ocean and land surfaces, vegetation, snow and ice.
A chapter on new results of microwave dielectric properties of natural media, covering wavelengths from the decimetre to the submillimetre range, will be a source for further radiative transfer developments, extending the applicability to radar and other electromagnetic tools, and including extraterrestrial objects, such as planets and comets.
The book resulted from a continued collaboration set up by the European COST Action No. 712 Application of Microwave Radiometry to Atmospheric Research and Monitoring (1996-2000). The aims of the action were to improve the application of microwave radiometry with emphasis on meteorology.
Table of contents:
1 Radiative transfer and microwave radiometry
1.1 Historical overview
1.2 Kirchhoff’s law of thermal radiation
1.3 The radiative-transfer equation
1.3.1 No scattering and no absorption
1.3.2 Including absorption and emission
1.3.3 Including absorption, emission and scattering
1.3.4 A formal solution
1.3.5 Special situations
1.4 Polarisation and Stokes parameters
1.4.1 Polarisation directions
1.4.2 Stokes parameters
1.4.3 Antenna polarisation
1.4.4 The scattering amplitude matrix
1.4.5 Vector radiative-transfer equation
References
2 Emission and spectroscopy of the clear atmosphere
2.1 Introduction
2.2 HITRAN (high resolution transmission)
2.2.1 Line-by-line parameters archive
Infrared cross-sections archive
2.2.3 Ultraviolet datasets
2.2.4 Aerosol refractive indices
2.3 GEISA (Management and study of atmospheric spectroscopic information)
2.3.1 Subdatabase on line transition parameters
2.3.2 Subdatabase on absorption cross-sections
2.3.3 Subdatabase on microphysical and optical properties of atmospheric aerosols
2.4 BEAMCAT
2.5 Atmospheric radiative-transfer simulator
2.6 Atmospheric transmission at microwaves
2.7 RTTOV-8
2.8 MPM and MonoRTM
2.9 Laboratory and theoretical work
2.9.1 Line parameters
2.9.2 Continuum absorption
2.10 Modelling and validation issues
2.11 Comparisons of model predictions with atmospheric measurements
2.11.1 Ground-based radiometers
2.11.2 Ground-based FTS
2.11.3 Airborne radiometers
2.11.4 Satellite-based radiometers
2.12 Conclusions and recommendations for future development of models and databases
References
3 Emission and scattering by clouds and precipitation
3.1 Introduction, purpose and scope
3.2 Basic quantities in RT
3.2.1 Reference frames and particle orientation
3.2.2 Amplitude matrix
3.2.3 Scattering amplitude matrix
3.2.4 Stokes and scattering matrix
3.2.5 Phase matrix
3.2.6 Cross sections
3.2.7 Extinction matrix
3.2.8 Emission vector
3.3 Simplified forms of extinction and phase matrix and of absorption vector
3.3.1 Macroscopically isotropic and symmetric media
3.3.2 Axially symmetric media
3.4 Single scattering parameter computations
3.4.1 Lorenz-Mie theory
3.4.2 T-matrix method
Contents
3.4.3 GOOD method
3.4.4 Summary
3.5 Simplified forms of the radiative-transfer equation
3.5.1 Cartesian geometry
3.6 Numerical methods for the solution of the VRTE
3.6.1 The discrete ordinate method
3.6.2 Iterative and successive order of scattering method
3.6.3 The polarised discrete ordinate iterative 3D model
ARTS-DOIT
3.6.4 The doubling-adding method
3.6.5 The Monte Carlo method
3.6.6 Test studies and benchmark results
3.6.7 Future developments
3.7 Approximate solution methods
3.7.1 Eddington approximation for plane-parallel clouds
3.7.2 Antenna brightness temperature in the Eddington approximation
3.8 Microwave signatures of clouds and precipitation
3.8.1 Cloud resolving models
3.8.2 Hydrometeor scattering computation and simulated TBS
3.8.3 Consistency between predicted and observed 7BS
3.8.4 Sensitivity studies
3.8.5 Cloud genera
3.8.6 3D radiative-transfer effects
3.8.7 Microwave signatures of clouds in limb geometry
3.9 Polarisation effects of particle orientation
3.9.1 Theoretical studies on polarisation signatures
3.9.2 Experimental observations of polarisation signatures
3.10 Recommendations and outlook to future developments
References
4 Surface emission
4.1 Introduction, purpose and scope
4.2 Comparison of emission models for covered surfaces
4.2.1 Introduction
Zero-order scattering model
Single-isotropic-scattering model
Multiple-scattering model in two-stream approach
Comparison
Effects of lateral inhomogeneity
Conclusions
4.3 Relief effects for microwave radiometry
4.3.1 Introduction
4.3.2 Flat horizon
4.3.3 Terrain with tilted surfaces
4.3.4 An example
4.3.5 Conclusions
4.4 Ocean emissivity models
4.4.1 Existing observations used in near surface wind analysis
4.4.2 The effects of changes in surface windspeed on ocean surface emissivity
4.4.3 The Stokes vector formulation applied to polarimetric radiometry
4.5 A theoretical basis for polarimetric wind direction signals
4.4.5 Models available for polarimetric radiometry
Modelling the emission at 1.4GHz for global sea-surface salinity measurements
4.5.1
Introduction
4.5.2
Sea-surface brightness temperature
4.5.3
Effects of the atmosphere
4.5.4
Extra-terrestrial sources
4.5.5
Perspectives
4.6
4.6.1
Introduction
4.6.2
Physical modelling approaches
4.6.3
Modelling the soil microwave emission
A semi-empirical parametrisation of the soil emission at L-band
4.6.4
Conclusion
4.7
Air-to-soil transition model
4.7.1
Introduction
4.7.2
Scope of roughness models for L-band observations
4.7.3
Model description
4.7.4
Comparison between radiometer and ground truth data
4.7.5
Fast model
4.7.6
Summary
4.8
Microwave emissivity in arid regions: What can we learn from satellite observations?
4.8.1
Introduction
4.8.2
Direct estimates of emissivities from satellite observations and comparison with model calculations in arid regions
4.8.3
Lessons learnt from direct calculations of emissivities from satellite observations
4.8.4
Conclusion
4.9 Parametrisations of the effective temperature for L-band radiometry. Inter-comparison and long term validation with
SMOSREX field experiment
Introduction
SMOSREX experimental dataset
Theoretical formulation of the effective temperature
Simple parametrisations of the effective temperature 4.9.4
Wigneron et al., 2001
4.9.7 Holmes et al., 2005
4.9.8 Inter-comparisons
4.9.9 Conclusion
Choudhury et al., 1982
4.10 Modelling the effect of the vegetation structure – evaluating the sensitivity of the vegetation model parameters to the canopy geometry and to the configuration parameters (frequency, polarisation and incidence angle)
4.10.1 Introduction
4.10.2
Coherent effects
4.10.3
Characterising attenuation by a wheat crop (Pardé et al., 2003)
4.10.4
Characterising scattering and attenuation by crops at L-band (Wigneron et al., 2004)
4.10.5
Anisotropy in relation to the row structure of a corn field at L-band (Hornbuckle et al., 2003)
4.10.6 Anisotropy at large spatial scale (Owe et al., 2001)
4.10.7 Conclusions
4.11
Passive microwave emissivity in vegetated regions as directly calculated from satellite observations
4.11.4 Conclusion
Introduction
Sensitivity of vegetation density and phenology: Comparison with the NDVI
Puzzling observations in densely vegetated areas
4.12 The b-factor relating vegetation optical depth to vegetation water content
4.12.1
Introduction
4.12.2 The b-factor and its theoretical dependence of wavelength
4.12.3
Comparison of b-factors from different sources
4.12.4
Functional behaviour of theb-factor
4.12.5 Summary and conclusions
4.13 Modelling forest emission
Summary
Introduction 4.13.2
4.13.1
4.13.3
Basic modelling steps
4.13.4 Results
4.13.5 Concluding remarks
4.14 L-MEB: a simple model at L-band for the continental areas application to the simulation of a half-degree resolution and global scale dataset
4.14.2 Composite pixel emission
4.14.3 Soil emission
4.14.4 Vegetation emission
4.14.5 The emission of water bodies
4.14.6 Snow-covered surfaces
4.14.7 Influence of the atmosphere at L-band
4.14.8 Global half-degree maps of synthetic L-band brightness temperatures
4.15 Microwave emission of snow
4.15.1 Passive microwave remote sensing of snow
4.15.2 Modelling efforts for seasonal snow and ice sheets
4.15.3 Recommended emission models
4.16 Sea ice emission modelling
4.16.1 Introduction
4.16.2 Extension of MEMLS to sea ice emission
4.16.3 Sea ice emission modelling experiments using MEMLS
4.16.4 Parametrisation of sea ice emissivity for atmospheric retrieval
4.16.5 Sensitivity of sea ice concentration estimates to surface emissivity
4.16.6 New sensors: L-band sea ice radiometry with SMOS
4.16.7 Conclusions
4.16.8 Open challenges
References
5 Dielectric properties of natural media
5.1 Introduction to dielectric properties
5.1.1 Outline
5.1.2 Dielectric constant and refractive index in a homogeneous medium
5.1.3 Kramers-Kronig relations
5.2 Freshwater and seawater
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Theoretical considerations
5.2.3 Freshwater
5.2.4 Seawater
5.2.5 A new water interpolation function
5.2.6 Extrapolations
5.2.7 Conclusion
5.3 Microwave dielectric properties of ice
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Dielectric properties of ice: real part
5.3.3 Dielectric properties of ice: imaginary part
5.3.4 Discussion and conclusion
5.4 Minerals and rocks
5.4.1 Dielectric properties of minerals
5.4.2 Dielectric properties of homogeneous rocks
5.5 Mixing models for heterogeneous and granular media
5.5.1 Basic principles: The concept of effective medium
5.5.2 Polarisability of particles
5.5.3 Clausius-Mossotti and Maxwell Garnett formula
5.5.4 Multi-phase mixtures and non-spherical inclusions
Bruggeman mixing rule and other generalised models
5.6 Electrodynamic phenomena resulting from the heterogeneity structure
5.6.1 Frequency dependence and dispersion
5.6.2 Transfer of range of mixing loss
5.6.3 Percolation phenomena
5.6.4 Maxwell Wagner losses and enhanced polarisation
5.7 Dielectric properties of heterogeneous media
5.7.1 Introductory remarks and framework
5.7.2 Liquid-water clouds
5.7.3 Dielectric properties of snow
5.7.4 Dielectric properties of vegetation
5.7.5 Dielectric properties of soil
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