Supplementary Feeding of Sheep and Beef Cattle 1st Edition by David Hinton ISBN 0643092765 978-0643092761
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 0643092765
ISBN 13: 978-0643092761
Author: David Hinton
This practical guide is a tool designed for graziers to use in their day-to-day decision-making about livestock nutritional needs, feeding options, condition and health.Pasture supplements are expensive and should not be wasted, yet under-nutrition has an even greater economic effect resulting from low conception and progeny survival rates, poor growth rates, failure to meet market targets and tender fleeces in sheep. Supplementary Feeding of Sheep and Beef Cattle shows how to get the nutritional balance right and avoid costly repercussions from incorrect or inadequate feeding.The key topics covered will be particularly useful in drought situations, but also in seasonal pasture shortages, when the nutrient value of pastures is low. Practical tables and worksheets are provided as key tools, enabling livestock producers to make timely and cost-effective decisions about supplementary feeding.
Table of contents:
1. Introduction – why feed?
Supplementary feeding triggers
Categories of supplementary feeding triggers
1. Predictable triggers.
2. Unpredictable but frequently occurring triggers.
3. Infrequent unpredictable triggers.
2. What’s in a feed?
The five essentials.
Energy
Protein or crude protein (CP).
Fibre or roughage.
Minerals and vitamins.
Water.
Growth-enhancing treatments and additives.
3. Understanding feeds and feeding.
Productive survival condition
Feed tests
Dry matter (DM)
Hay and silage.
Choosing hay
Bale shapes, sizes and weights.
Silage
4. Cost savings and decision making
Cull or sell.
Early shearing and culling.
Winter shearing
Mob structure.
Breeding
Early weaning
Body condition.
Stock-containment areas
Feed through or sell and replace stock?
5. Fat scores and stock classes
Assessing condition or fat score
Sheep fat scoring
Cattle fat scoring
Visual assessment of cattle.
Minimum fat scores for sheep and cattle
Fat scores for sheep classes
Fat scores for cattle classes.
6. Choosing the best feed-value for money
Energy considerations
Finding the cost of a feed per energy unit
Grain density: a guide to energy value
Protein, fibre and quality considerations
Protein.
Fibre.
Feed quality and digestibility
Nutritional value of unusual feeds
Warnings when using unusual feeds
7. When and how to feed supplements.
When to start
How to start
Sheep..
Cattle..
Adjusting rations
Cold weather and post-shearing allowance.
When and how to stop feeding
Mineral and vitamin additives to rations.
Ground limestone
Salt..
Digestive buffer.
Vitamins.
techniques. Feeding
Sheep.
Cattle.
Water
8. How much to feed – the Ready Reckoner
Your choice..
The Ready Reckoner.
9. How much to feed-calculate your own stock ration.
Step 1: Choose a feed or feeds with adequate protein, energy and fibre levels for the class of stock
Step 2: Calculate the amount of feed needed to meet the total energy units requirement for the class of stock.
Step 3:
Reduce this feed ration by the estimated proportion obtained from grazing pasture.
Step 4: Check that the maximum daily intake is not exceeded
Step 5: Multiply the daily or weekly rate by the number of cattle or sheep, respectively, to be fed.
10. Stock health.
Health considerations during feeding
Bladder stones (urinary calculi)
Bloat
Bowel infection
Deficiencies and toxicities.
Enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney)
Founder (laminitis)
Grain poisoning.
Grass tetany (hypomagnesaemia).
Milk fever (hypocalcaemia).
Pink eye (contagious ophthalmia)
Plant-related poisoning
Polioencephalomalacia
Pregnancy toxaemia (twin lamb disease), acetonaemia.
Sand or gravel in the stomach
Stress.
Worms
11. Stock-containment areas
Why have a stock-containment area?
Advantages of stock-containment areas.
When is an SCA not recommended?.
Sizes and requirements for an SCA
Choosing the best site for an SCA
Feeding and watering in an SCA
Supervision in an SCA.
12. Your worksheets.
Calculating costs.
Calculating rations.
Sheep worksheet.
Cattle worksheet.
Comparing costs for feeding or sell and replace livestock options
Information and further reading
Information sources
Further reading
References .
Index.
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Tags: David Hinton, Supplementary Feeding, Sheep and Beef