Radiation Technology for Polymers Second Edition by Jiri George Drobny ISBN 978-1420094046 1420094041

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ISBN 10:  1420094041

ISBN 13:  978-1420094046

Author: Jiri George Drobny

The first edition of Radiation Technology for Polymers set the standard as a valuable, time-saving resource offering systematic fundamental information about industrial radiation technologies. Raising the bar even further, Radiation Technology for Polymers, Second Edition explores emerging applications of ultraviolet (UV) and electron beam (EB) radiation to polymer processing, detailing significant changes in the field since the first publication.

Presents important new processing and engineering data from selected commercial products

Since the publication of the previous edition, many technological developments have taken place, new applications and products have been developed and commercialized, and some already established ones have been discontinued. This book updates changes, trends, and general issues in radiation technology. It presents vital, cutting-edge information to aid further reduction of volatile organic compounds and toxic substances in the environment, develop alternative sources of energy, and harness energy in both medical and industrial applications.

The author considers novel uses of UV/EB technology in:

Equipment and instrumentation developments in automotive, electronics, and wood-processing industries
Applications used in waterborne coatings and adhesives, film modifications, high-performance coatings, and inkjet technology
Processing of coatings, paints, inks, and adhesives, as well as thermoplastics and elastomers in film, sheet, and other forms
This reference discusses new uses for UV and EB irradiation, the response of polymers to irradiation, tests related to dosimetry and radiometry, and related safety and hygiene. It is also fortified with new problems and worked solutions, as well appendices with supplementary information on equipment manufacturers, raw materials suppliers, and principles of green chemistry and sustainability.

Table of contents: 

1. Introduction

1.1 Basic Concepts.

References

2. Review of Radiation Science and Technology

2.1 UV and Visible Radiation

2.1.1 Light Emission from Mercury Gas Discharge.

2.1.2 Light Emission from a Microwave-Excited

Discharge

2.1.3 Generation of Monochromatic UV Radiation..

2.2 Ionizing Radiation.

2.2.1 Electron Beam Energy..

2.2.2 Gamma Rays

2.2.3 X-Rays

2.2.4 Other Types of Ionizing Radiation.

2.3 Comparison of UV and EB Processes

References

3. UV and EB Curing Equipment

3.1 UV Curing Equipment

3.1.1 Lamps

3.1.1.1 Medium-Pressure Lamps…

3.1.1.2 Electrodeless Lamps

3.1.1.3 Low-Pressure Mercury Lamps.

3.1.1.4 High-Pressure Mercury Lamps

3.1.1.5 Excimer Lamps

3.1.1.6 Xenon Lamps

3.1.2 Lamp Housing…

3.1.3 Power Supply and Controls.

3.1.3.1 Power Supply Systems.

3.1.3.2 Control Systems.

3.2 Electron Beam Curing Equipment

3.2.1 Particle Accelerators

3.2.1.1 Direct Accelerators.

3.2.1.2 Indirect Accelerators

3.2.1.3 Low-Energy Electron Accelerators

3.2.2 Recent Trends in Development of EB Curing Equipment and Technology

References

4. UV Radiation Processes

4.1 Basic Concepts.

4.2 Photoinitiators and Photosensitizers

4.2.1 Free Radical Photoinitiators

4.2.1.1 Type I Photoinitiators

42.1.2 Type II Photoinitiators.

4.2.2 Cationic Photoinitiators

4.2.3 Anionic Photoinitiators

4.2.4 Oxygen Inhibition of Cure..

4.2.5 Initiation of UV Hybrid Curing

4.3 Kinetics of Photoinitiated Reactions.

4.3.1 Kinetics of Free Radical Photopolymerization

4.3.2 Kinetics of Cationic Photopolymerization.

4.4 Chemical Systems in UV Processing..

4.4.1 Free-Radical-Initiated Systems

4.4.1.1 Acrylate/Methacrylate Systems.

4.4.1.2 Styrene/Unsaturated Polyesters

4.4.1.3 Vinyl Ether/Unsaturated Esters.

4.4.1.4 Thiol-ene Systems

4.4.1.5 Donor-Acceptor Complexes.

4.4.2 Cationic Systems

4.5 Photo-Cross-Linking of Polymers.

References

5. Electron Beam Processes

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Radiation Cross-Link Promoters

5.2.1 Indirect Cross-Link Promoters

5.2.1.1 Halogenated Compounds.

5.2.1.2 Nitrous Oxide

5.2.1.3 Sulfur Monochloride

5.2.1.4 Bases

5.2.2 Direct Cross-Link Promoters

5.2.2.1 In chess

5.2.2.2 Thiols (Polymercaptans).

5.2.2.3 Acrylic and Allylic Compounds

5.3 Retardants of Radiation Cross-Linking.

5.4 Electron Beam Processing of Plastics.

5.4.1 Polyolefins

5.4.1.1 Polyethylene

5.4.1.2 Polypropylene.

5.4.2 Polystyrene..

5.4.3 Polyvinyl chloride.

5.4.4 Polymethacrylates and Polyacrylates.

5.4.5 Polyamides.

5.4.6 Polyesters.

5.4.7 Fluoroplastics.

5.4.7.1 Polytetrafluoroethylene.

5.4.7.2 FEP

5.4.7.3 Other Fluoroplastics.

5.5 Electron Beam Processing of Elastomers.

5.5.1 Physical Properties of Radiation Cross-Linked Elastomers.

5.5.2 Effects of Radiation on Individual Elastomers.

5.5.2.1 Natural Rubber (NR) and Synthetic Polyisoprene…

5.5.2.2 Polybutadiene and Its Copolymers…

5.5.2.3 Polyisobutylene and Its Copolymers.

5.5.2.4 Ethylene-Propylene Copolymers and Terpolymers.

5.5.2.5 Polychloroprene…

5.5.2.6 Silicone Elastomers

5.5.2.7 Fluorocarbon Elastomers

5.5.2.8 Fluorosilicone Elastomers

5.5.2.9 Thermoplastic Elastomers.

5.6 Electron Beam Processing of Liquid Systems.

5.7 Grafting and Other Polymer Modifications.

5.7.1 Grafting

5.7.2 Other Polymer Modifications.

References

6. Coating Methods Used in UV/EB Technology.

6.1 Roll Coating

6.1.1 Direct Roll Coating.

6.1.2 Reverse Roll Coating

6.2 Curtain Coating..

6.3 Spray Application…

6.3.1 Compressed Air Gun Spraying

6.3.2 Airless Gun Spraying.

6.4 Dip Coating.

6.5 Flow Coating..

6.6 Spin Coating

6.7 Rod Coating

6.8 Vacuum Coating.

References

7. Applications of UV Radiation

7.1 UV Curing of Coatings and Paints.

7.1.1 Functional and Decorative Coatings..

7.1.1.1 Coatings on Flat, Rigid Substrates.

7.1.1.2 UV Curing of Coatings on Flexible Substrates..

7.1.2 UV Curing of Lacquers, Varnishes, and Paints.

7.1.3 Three-Dimensional Curing

7.1.4 UV Curing of Coatings and Inks on Cylindrical-Shaped Parts.

7.1.5 UV Matting of Coatings.

7.2 UV Curing of Adhesives.

7.2.1 Energy Curable Laminating Adhesives

7.2.2 Energy Curable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives.

7.2.3 Energy Curable Assembly Adhesives.

7.3 UV Cured Silicone Release Coatings.

7.4 Spot Curing..

7.5 UV Curing in Printing and Graphic Arts.

7.5.1 Screen Printing.

7.5.2 Flexography

7.5.3 Letterpress and Offset Letterpress (Dry Offset).

7.5.4 Lithography

7.5.5 Rotogravure Printing

7.6 Rapid Prototyping.

7.7 UV Powder Coatings.

7.7.1 The Chemistry of UV Curable Powders.

7.7.2 Material and Substrate Preparation

7.7.3 Powder Coating Application

7.7.4 Substrates Suitable for UV Powder Coating

7.7.5 Industrial Applications.

7.8 Other Applications for UV Curing.

7.8.1 Electronics

7.8.2 Optical Components and Optoelectronic Applications.

7.8.2.1 Optical Fibers.

7.8.2.2 Other Optical and Optoelectronic Applications

7.9 Automotive Applications.

7.9.1 OEM Applications..

7.9.2 Automotive Refinish Applications.

7.10 Production of Composites by UV Radiation..

7.10.1 Dental Applications.

7.10.2 Other Composite Applications

7.11 Hydrogels.

References

8. Applications of Electron Beam Radiation

8.1 Electron Beam Process in Wire and Cable Technology.

8.1.1 Equipment and Process..

8.1.2 Materials.

8.1.3 Recent Developments and Trends.

8.2 Electron Beam Process in Tire Technology.

8.3 Electron Beam Process in the Manufacture of Polyolefin Foams.

8.3.1 Foam Expansion and Its Control

8.3.2 Manufacturing Processes.

8.3.3 Comparison of Chemical and Radiation Processes.

8.4 Electron Beam Process in the Production of Heat-Shrinkable Materials

8.4.1 Heat-Shrinkable Tubing.

8.4.2 Heat-Shrinkable Sheets and Films

8.5 Electron Beam Process in Coatings, Adhesives, Paints, and Printing Inks

8.5.1 Magnetic Media

8.5.2 Coatings…

8.5.3 Printing and Graphic Arts

8.5.4 Adhesives

8.5.4.1 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAS)

8.5.4.2 Laminating Adhesives

8.5.5 Polymeric Fiber-Reinforced Composites.

8.5.6 Hydrogels.

References

9. Dosimetry and Radiometry.

9.1 EB Dosimetry.

9.2 UV Radiometry

9.2.1 Actinometers

9.2.2 Radiometers.

9.2.3 Radiochromic Films

References

10. Safety and Hygiene

10.1 UV Equipment Health and Safety.

10.2 EB Equipment Health and Safety

10.3 Chemical Hazards

References

11. Recent Developments and Trends..

11.1 Current Trends in Equipment and Chemistry

11.1.1 UV/EB Equipment.

11.1.2 Chemistry

11.2 Emerging Technologies and Applications

11.2.1 Composite Processing and Repairs.

11.2.2 UV Curable Concrete Coatings.

11.2.3 Wood Finishing

11.2.4 Other

References

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