Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation 1st Edition by Kevin Davies ISBN 978-0849323508 0849323509
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ISBN 10: 0849323509
ISBN 13: 978-0849323508
Author: Kevin Davies
Plant pigments represent a large and active field of research that impacts fundamental studies of plant function and gene expression, agriculture, the processing of foods and human health. Plant Pigments and Their Manipulation provides a broad review of all the major plant pigment groups, considering the underlying biology, genetic manipulation, and applications of plant pigments within agriculture, food technology and human health. This text is directed at researchers and professionals working in plant genetics, biochemistry, physiology and molecular biology.
Table of contents:
1 An introduction to plant pigments in biology and commerce KEVIN M. DAVIES
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Plant pigmentation
1.2.1 The physical basis of pigmentation
1.2.2 Structural variation of plant pigments
1.2.3 The history of plant pigment research
1.2.4 The biosynthesis of plant pigments
1.3 The functions of pigments in plants
1.3.1 The function of pigments in vegetative tissues
1.3.2 The function of pigments in reproductive tissues
1.3.3 The roles of plant pigments in non-plant organisms
1.4 Economic aspects of plant pigments
1.4.1 Natural food colourants
1.4.2 Modification of pigment biosynthesis in transgenic plants
References
2 Chlorophylls
ROBERT D. WILLOWS
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 What are chlorophylls and where are they found in plants?
2.1.2 Photochemical properties of chlorophylls
2.2 Chlorophyll biosynthesis
2.2.1 Overview of chlorophyll biosynthesis
2.2.2 ALA biosynthesis
2.2.3 ALA to protoporphyrin IX
2.2.3.1 ALA-dehydratase
2.2.3.2 Hydroxymethylbilane synthase
2.2.3.3 Uroporphyrinogen III synthase
2.2.3.4 Uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase
2.2.3.5 Coporphyrinogen III oxydase
2.2.3.6 Protoporphyrinogen IX oxydase
2.2.4 Protoporphyrin IX to chlorophyll
2.2.4.1 Magnesium chelatase
2.2.4.2 S-adenosylmethionine: magnesium protoporphyrin IX-O-methyltransferase (E.C. 2.1.1.11)
2.2.4.3 Magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethylester oxidative cyclase
2.2.4.4 Reduction of the 8-vinyl group
2.2.4.5 Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases
2.2.4.6 Chlorophyll a synthase
2.2.4.7 Interconversion of chlorophyll a and b
2.3 Chlorophyll degradation
2.4 Regulation
2.4.1 Regulation of ALA synthesis
2.4.2 Magnesium chelatase
2.4.3 Protochlorophyllide reductase
2.5 Chlorophyll and chemically modified chlorophylls as photodynamic agents References
3 Carotenoids ABBY CUTTRISS and BARRY POGSON
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Structure, function and manipulation
3.2.1 Nutrition
3.2.2 Protein and membrane scaffolds
3.2.3 Photoprotection and plant fitness
3.3 Biosynthesis and regulation
3.3.1 Carotenoid biosynthesis and the plastid
3.3.2 Isoprenoids – carotenoid substrates
Phytoene synthase
3.3.4 Desaturases
3.3.5 Isomerase
3.3.6 Cyclases
3.3.7 Hydroxylases
3.3.8 Zeaxanthin epoxidase and violaxanthin de-epoxidase
3.3.9 Neoxanthin synthase
3.3.10 Cleavage products
3.4 Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgements
References
4 Flavonoids KATHY E. SCHWINN and KEVIN M. DAVIES
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Flavonoids as pigments
4.2.1 Primary structures
4.2.1.1 Anthocyanins
4.2.1.2 Yellow flavonoid pigments
4.2.2 Secondary structures
4.2.3 Tertiary structures
4.2.4 Metal complexation
4.2.5 Localisation
4.2.6 Extrinsic factors contributing to flower colour
CONTENTS
4.3 Flavonoid biosynthesis
4.3.1 Overview
4.3.2 Formation of flavonoid precursors
4.3.3 Formation of chalcones
4.3.4 Formation of anthocyanidin 3-0-glycosides
4.3.4.1 Formation of flavanones
4.3.4.2 Formation of dihydroflavonols
4.3.4.3 Formation of leucoanthocyanidins
4.3.4.4 Formation of anthocyanins
4.3.5 Formation of 3-deoxyanthocyanins
4.3.6
Hydroxylation
4.3.7 Secondary modifications of flavonoids
4.3.7.1 Glycosylation
4.3.7.2 Methylation
4.3.7.3 Acylation
4.3.8 Formation of aurones
4.3.9 Formation of flavones and flavonols
4.3.10 Subcellular organisation of the enzymes
4.3.11 Import into the vacuole
4.4 Regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in flowers
4.4.1 Transcriptional regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in flowers
4.4.2 Biotechnology applications of transcription factors regulating flavonoid biosynthesis
4.5 Genetic modification of flower colour
4.5.1 Overview
4.5.2 Preventing anthocyanin production
4.5.3 Redirecting substrate in the flavonoid pathway
4.5.4 Introducing novel flavonoid compounds
4.5.4.1 Chalcones, aurones and flavonols
4.5.4.2 3-deoxyanthocyanins
4.5.4.3 Altering B-ring hydroxylation
4.5.4.4 Secondary modifications
4.5.5 Modifying the cellular environment of the flavonoid
4.5.6 Prospects for new flavonoid gene technology
4.6 Concluding comments
Acknowledgements
References
5 Condensed tannins
GREG TANNER
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Economic importance
5.2 Biosynthesis from coumaroyl-CoA to leucoanthocyanidin
5.2.1 CHS
5.2.2 CHI
5.2.3 FHT (F3H)
5.2.4 F3 H and F3′,5’H
5.2.5 DFR
5.2.6 FLS
5.3 Synthesis of catechin (2,3-trans-flavan-3-ol)
5.3.1 LAR (LCR)
5.4 Synthesis of epicatechin (2,3-cis-flavan-3-ol)
5.4.1 ANS (LDOX)
5.4.2 ANR (BANYULS)
5.5 Intravacuolar transport and polymerisation
5.5.1 Intravacuolar transport
5.5.2 Polymerization (condensation)
5.6 Evolution of biochemical pathways
5.7 Regulation of biosynthesis
5.8 Opportunities for manipulation of proanthocyanidins
5.8.1 Manipulation of structural genes
5.8.2 Manipulation of regulatory genes
5.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 Payment loan
JEAN-PIERRE ZRYD and LAURENT CHRISTINET
6.1 Betalain pigments
6.2 Chemistry
6.2.1 Betacyanins
6.2.2 Betaxanthins
6.3 Physiology of betalains
6.3.1 Light
6.3.2 Cytokinins and other hormones
6.3.3 Cell and hairy root cultures
6.4 Genetics of betalains
6.4.1 Portulaca grandiflora – large flowered purslane
6.4.2 Beta vulgaris – table beet
6.5 Enzymology and biotechnology
6.5.1 Polyphenol – tyrosinase reactions
6.5.2 The ring-opening reaction
6.5.2.1 The fungal (Amanita muscaria) enzyme
6.5.2.2 The plant (Portulaca grandiflora) enzyme
6.5.3 Glycosylation and other modifications
6.5.4 DOPA decarboxylation
6.5.5 Degradation
6.6 Evolution of betalains
6.7 Social and economic value
6.8 Prospectives
Acknowledgements
References
7 Important rare plant pigments
KEVIN M. DAVIES
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Quinones
7.2.1 Naphthoquinones
7.2.2 Anthraquinones
7.3 Indigo
7.4 Quinochalcones
7.5 Apocarotenoids
7.6 Phenylphenalenones and related pigments
7.7 Miscellaneous plant pigments
7.8 Concluding comments
Acknowledgements
References
8 Plant pigments and human health
MARY ANN PURPLE
8.1 Introduction/Overview
8.2 Anthocyanins (and associated flavonoids)
8.2.1 Diverse roles of anthocyanin pigments in human health maintenance
8.2.2 Anthocyanins and treatment of vision disorders
8.2.3 Anthocyanins and neuroprotection
8.2.4 Anthocyanins and inhibition of cardiovascular disease
8.2.5 Anthocyanins and cancer chemoprevention
8.2.6 Potentiation of anthocyanin bioactivity
8.3 Payment terms
8.3.1 Diverse roles of betalain pigments in human health maintenance
8.3.2 Betalains and cancer chemoprevention
8.4 Carotenoids
8.4.1 Diverse roles of carotenoid pigments in human health maintenance
8.4.2 Carotenoids and photooxidative damage
8.4.3 Carotenoids and modulation of the immune system response
8.4.4 Carotenoids and inhibition of cardiovascular disease
8.4.5 Carotenoids and cancer chemoprevention
8.4.6 Potentiation of carotenoid bioactivity
8.5 Chlorophylls
8.5.1 Diverse roles of chlorophyll pigments in human health maintenance
8.5.2 Chlorophylls and cancer chemoprevention
8.5.3 Potentiation of chlorophyll bioactivity
8.6 Other pigments and human health intervention
8.7 Conclusions and prospects for future research on pigments and human health
References
9 Plant pigments and protection against UV-B Radiation
BRIAN R. JORDAN
9.1 Introduction
9.2 The role of plant pigments
9.3 Biosynthesis of UV-B protective pigments
9.4 Signal transduction involved in the biosynthesis of protective pigments
9.5 The cost and consequences of protection
References
10 Techniques of pigment identification ØYVIND M. ANDERSEN and GEORGE W. FRANCIS
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Sample preparation and extraction
10.1.2 Purification and separation
10.1.3 Characterisation and identification
10.1.4 Quantification
10.2 Flavonoids
10.2.1 Introduction
10.2.2 Sample preparation and extraction
10.2.3 Purification and separation
10.2.3.1 Column chromatography
10.2.3.2 Countercurrent chromatography
10.2.4 Characterisation and identification
10.2.4.1 Thin-layer chromatography
10.2.4.2 High-performance liquid chromatography
10.2.4.3 Capillary electrophoresis
10.2.4.4 Hydrolysis
10.2.4.5 UV spectroscopy
10.2.4.6 Mass spectrometry
10.2.4.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.2.4.8 Circular dichroism spectroscopy
10.2.5 Quantification
10.3 Anthocyanins
10.3.1 Introduction
10.3.2 Sample preparation and extraction
10.3.3 Purification and separation
10.3.3.1 Chromatography
10.3.4 Characterisation, identification and quantification
10.3.4.1 Chemical degradation
10.3.4.2 Thin-layer chromatography
10.3.4.3 Electrophoresis
10.3.4.4 UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and CIELAB colours
10.3.4.5 Mass spectrometry
10.3.4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.3.4.7 Miscellaneous in vivo techniques
10.4 Chlorophylls
10.4.1 Introduction
10.4.2 Sample preparation and extraction
10.4.3 Purification and separation
10.4.3.1 Dioxane complexes
10.4.3.2 Thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography
10.4.4 Characterisation and identification
10.4.4.1 Visible absorption spectroscopy
10.4.4.2 Preparation of chlorophyll derivatives
10.4.4.3 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry
10.4.5 Quantification
10.5 Carotenoids
10.5.1 Introduction
10.5.2 Sample preparation, extraction and saponification
10.5.2.1 Saponification
10.5.3 Purification and separation
10.5.3.1 Column chromatography
10.5.3.2 Thin-layer chromatography
10.5.3.3 High-performance liquid chromatography
10.5.4 Characterisation and identification
10.5.4.1 Visible and infrared spectroscopy
10.5.4.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.5.4.3 Mass spectrometry
10.5.4.4 Stereochemical investigations
10.5.4.5 Microchemistry
10.5.5 Quantitative aspects
10.6 Payment terms
10.6.1 Introduction
10.6.2 Sample preparation and extraction
10.6.3 Purification and separation
10.6.3.1 Column chromatography
10.6.3.2 High-speed countercurrent chromatography
10.6.4 Characterisation, identification and quantification
10.6.4.1 Thin-layer chromatography
10.6.4.2 High-performance liquid chromatography
10.6.4.3 Capillary electrophoresis
10.6.4.4 UV and infrared spectroscopy and quantification
10.6.4.5 Mass spectrometry
10.6.4.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
10.6.5 Differentiation between betalains and anthocyanins
10.7 Quinones
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 Extraction and hydrolysis
10.7.3 Purification and separation
10.7.3.1 Thin-layer chromatography
10.7.4 Characterisation and identification
10.7.4.1 Visible spectrometry and mass spectrometry
References
10.7.4.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
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