On Reference 1st Edition by Andrea Bianchi ISBN 978-0198714088 0198714084

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ISBN 10: 0198714084

ISBN 13: 978-0198714088

Author:  Andrea Bianchi

Most of the times we open our mouth to communicate, we talk about things. This can happen because (some of) the linguistic expressions we use have semantic properties that connect them to extra-linguistic entities. Thanks to these properties, they may be used by us to refer to things. Or, as we may also say, they themselves refer to things, though in certain cases they do so only relative to a context of use. But how can we characterize the semantic properties in question? What exactly is reference? Philosophers have been trying to answer these questions at least since Plato’s Cratylus, but not until the last century, when language occupied center-stage in philosophy, did the problem come to be felt as really pressing. In the last decade of the nineteenth century, Gottlob Frege produced an account of reference that set the stage for the contemporary discussion. Nevertheless, around 1970 a number of powerful arguments against it were produced by Saul Kripke and others. As a result, many philosophers began to look at reference from a new perspective, which highlighted the crucial role played in its determination by mundane aspects that are not under the direct control of the speaker. This semantic revolution, however, left us with a number of open problems. The eighteen original essays collected in this volume deal with many of these problems, thus contributing to our understanding of the nature of reference, its role in cognition, and the place it should be given in semantic theory.

Table of contents: 

Part I. The Nature of Reference

1. The Illusion of Semantic Reference

Christopher Gauker

2. Reference and Theories of Meaning as Use

Diego Marconi

3. Speaker’s Reference and Cross-Cultural Semantics

Edouard Machery, Justin Sytsma, and Max Deutsch

4. Reference without Cognition

Genoveva Martí

5. Repetition and Reference

Andrea Bianchi

6. Should Proper Names Still Seem So Problematic?

Michael Devitt

Part II. Reference and Cognition

7. Thinking about an Individual

Antonio Capuano

8. Drawing, Seeing, Referring: Reflections on Macbeth’s Dagger

Marga Reimer

9. The Cognitive Contribution of Names

John Perry

Part III. Reference and Semantics

10. Names as Predicates?

Ernesto Napoli

11. Names Not Predicates

Robin Jeshion

12. “Literal” Uses of Proper Names Delia G. Fara

13. A Rejoinder to Fara’s “Literal” Uses of Proper Names’ Robin Jeshion

14. Empty Names, Propositions, and Attitude Ascriptions

Marco Santambrogio

15. Millianism, Relationism, and Attitude Ascriptions Angel Pinillos

16. The Dilemma of Indefinites

Samuel Cumming

17. A Unified Treatment of (Pro-)Nominals in Ordinary English

Joseph Almog, Paul Nichols, and Jessica Pepp

18. Individuals Explained Away Edward L. Keenan

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