Offshore Structures Design Construction and Maintenance 1st Edition by Mohamed El Reedy ISBN 978-0123854759 012385475X
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ISBN 10: 012385475X
ISBN 13: 978-0123854759
Author: Mohamed A. El-Reedy
With most of the easy gas and oil reserves discovered and prices rebounding, companies are now drilling far offshore in extreme weather condition environments. As deepwater wells are drilled to greater depths, engineers and designers are confronted with new problems such as water depth, weather conditions, ocean currents, equipment reliability, and well accessibility. Offshore Structure Design, Construction and Maintenance covers all types of offshore structures and platforms employed worldwide.
The ultimate reference for selecting, operating and maintaining offshore structures, this book provides a road map for designing structures which will stand up even in the harshest environments. The selection of the proper type of offshore structure is discussed from a technical and economic point of view. The design procedure for the fixed offshore structure will be presented and how to review the design to reach the optimum solution. Nonlinear analysis (Push over) analysis will be presented as a new technique to design and assess the existing structure. Pile design and tubular joint with the effect of fatigue loading will be presented also from a theoretical and a practical point of view.
With this book in hand, engineers receive the most up-to-date methods for performing a structural life cycle analysis; implement maintenance plans for topsides and jackets, using non destructive testing. Under water inspection is discussed for hundreds of platforms in detail. Advanced repair methodology for scour, marine growth and damaged or deteriorating members are discussed. Risk based under water inspection techniques are covered from a practical pint of view. In addition, the book will be supported by an online modeling and simulation program with will allow designers to save time and money by verifying assumptions online.
One stop guide to offshore structure design and analysis
Easy to understand methods for structural life cycle analysis
Expert advice for designing offshore platforms for all types of environments
Save time and money by verifying designs online
Table of contents:
1. Introduction to Offshore Structures
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of Offshore Structures
1.3 Overview of Field Development
1.3.1 Field-Development Cost
1.3.2 Multicriteria Concept Selection
1.4 Feed Requirements
1.5 Types of Offshore Platforms
1.6 Different Types of Offshore Structures
1.7 Minimal Offshore Structure
1.8 Preview of This Book
Bibliography
2. Offshore Structure Loads and Strength
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gravity Loads
2.2.1 Dead Load
Live Load
2.2.3 Impact Load
2.2.4 Design for Serviceability Limit State
2.2.5 Helicopter Landing Loads
2.2.6 Crane Support Structures
2.3 Wind Load
2.4 Stair Design
2.4.1 Gravity Loads
2.4.2 Wind Loads
2.5 Offshore Loads
2.5.1 Wave Load
2.5.2 Current Force
2.5.3 Earthquake Load
2.5.4 Ice Loads
2.5.5 Other Loads
2.6 Design for Ultimate Limit State (ULS)
2.6.1 Load Factors
Margin in PDF or TXT format
2.6.2 Extreme Environmental Situation for Fixed Offshore Platforms
2.6.3 Operating Environmental Situations Fixed Platforms
2.6.4 Partial Action Factors for Platform Design
2.7 Collision Events
2.7.1 Vessel Collision
2.8 Fires and Explosions
2.9 Material Strength
2.9.1 Steel Groups
2.9.2 Steel Classes
References
3. Offshore Structure Platform Design
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Preliminary Dimensions
3.2.1 Approximate Dimensions
3.3 Bracing System
3.4 Jacket Design
3.5 Structure Analysis
3.5.1 Global Structure Analysis
3.5.2 The Loads on Piles
3.5.3 Modeling Techniques
3.5.4 Dynamic Structure Analysis
3.5.5 In-place Analysis According to ISO 19902
3.6 Cylinder Member Strength
3.6.1 Cylinder Member Strength Calculation According to ISO 19902
3.6.2 Cylinder Member Strength Calculation
3.7 Tubular Joint Design
3.7.1 Simple Joint Calculation API RP2A (2007)
3.7.2 Joint Calculation According to API RP2A (2000)
3.7.3 Fatigue Analysis
3.8 Topside Design
3.8.1 Grating Design
3.8.2 Handrails, Walkways, Stairways and Ladders
3.9 Boat Landing Design
3.9.1 Boat Landing Calculation
3.9.2 Riser Guard Design
3.9.3 Boat Landing Design Using the Nonlinear Analysis Method
3.9.4 Boat Impact Methods
3.9.5 Tubular Member Denting Analysis
3.10 Riser Guard
3.11 On-Bottom Stability
3.12 Bridges
3.13 Crane Loads
3.14 Lift Installation Loads
3.15 Vortex-Induced Vibrations
3.16 Helideck Design
3.17 Structure Analysis and Design Quality Control Bibliography
4. Geotechnical Data and Pile Design
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Investigation Procedure
4.2.1 Performing an Offshore Investigation
4.2.2 Drilling Equipment and Method
4.2.3 Wire-Line Sampling Technique
4.2.4 Offshore Soil Investigation Problems
4.3 Soil Tests
4.4 In-Situ Testing
4.4.1 Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
4.4.2 Field Vane Test
4.5 Soil Properties
4.5.1 Strength
4.5.2 Soil Characterization
4.6 Pile Foundations
4.6.1 Pile Capacity for Axial Loads
4.6.2 Foundation Size
4.6.3 Axial Pile Performance
4.6.4 Pile Capacity Calculation Methods
4.6.5 Pile Capacity under Cyclic Loadings
4.7 Scour
4.8 Pile Wall Thickness
4.8.1 Design Pile Stresses
4.8.2 Stresses Due to Hammer Effect
4.8.3 Minimum Wall Thickness
4.8.4 Driving Shoe and Head
4.8.5 Pile Section Lengths
4.9 Pile Drivability Analysis
4.9.1 Evaluation of Soil Resistance to Driving (SRD)
4.9.2 Unit Shaft Resistance and Unit End Bearing for Uncemented Materials
4.9.3 Upper- and Lower-Bound SRD
4.9.4 Results of Wave Equation Analyses
4.9.5 Results of Drivability Calculations
4.9.6 Recommendations for Pile Installation
4.10 Soil Investigation Report
Bibliography
5. Fabrication and Installation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Construction Procedure
5.3 Engineering of Execution
5.4 Fabrication
5.4.1 Joint Fabrication
5.4.2 Fabrication Based on ISO
5.5 Jacket Assembly and Erection
5.6 Weight Control
5.6.1 Weight Calculation
5.7 Loads from Transportation, Launch and Lifting Operations
5.8 Lifting Procedure and Calculations
5.8.1 Lifting Calculations
5.8.2 Lifting Structural Calculations
5.8.3 Lift Point Design
5.8.4 Clearances
5.8.5 Lifting Calculation Report
5.9 Load-out Process
5.10 Transportation Process
5.10.1 Supply Boats
5.10.2 Anchor-handling Boats
5.10.3 Towboats
5.10.4 Towing
5.10.5 Drilling Vessels
5.10.6 Crew Boats
5.10.7 Barges
5.10.8 Crane Barges
5.10.9 Offshore Derrick Barges (Fully Revolving)
5.10.10 Jack-up Construction Barges
5.11 Transportation Loads
5.12 Launching and Upending Forces
5.13 Installation and Pile Handling
Bibliography
6. Corrosion Protection
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Corrosion in Seawater
6.1.2 Corrosion of Steel in Seawater
6.1.3 Choice of System Type
6.1.4 Geometric Shape
6.2 Coatings and Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures
6.3 Corrosion Stresses Due to the Atmosphere, Water and Soil
6.3.1 Classification of Environments
6.3.2 Mechanical, Temperature and Combined Stresses
6.4 Cathodic Protection Design Considerations
6.4.1 Environmental Parameters
6.4.2 Design Criteria
6.4.3 Protective Potentials
6.4.4 Negative Impact of CP on the Structure Jacket
6.4.5 Galvanic Anode Materials Performance
6.4.6 CP Design Parameters
6.4.7 Design Calculation for CP System
6.5 Design Example
6.6 General Design Considerations
6.7 Anode Manufacture
6.8 Installation of Anodes
6.9 Allowable Tolerance for Anode Dimensions
6.9.1 Internal and External Inspection
Bibliography
7. Assessment of Existing Structures and Repairs
7.1 Introduction
7.2 API RP2A: Historical Background
7.2.1 Environmental Loading Provisions
7.2.2 Regional Environmental Design Parameters
7.2.3 Member Resistance Calculation
7.2.4 Joint Strength Calculation
7.2.5 Fatigue
7.2.6 Pile Foundation Design
7.3 Den/HSE Guidance Notes for Fixed Offshore Design
7.3.1 Environmental Loading Provisions
7.3.2 Joint Strength Equations
7.3.3 Fatigue
7.3.4 Foundations
7.3.5 Definition of Design Condition
7.3.6 Currents
7.3.7 Wind
7.3.8 Waves
7.3.9 Deck Air Gap
7.3.10 Historical Review of Major North Sea Incidents
7.4 Historical Assessment of Environmental Loading Design Practice
7.4.1 Environmental Parameters for Structure Design
7.4.2 Fluid Loading Analysis
7.5 Development of API RP2A Member Resistance Equations
7.6 Allowable Stresses for Cylindrical Members
7.6.1 Axial Tension
7.6.2 Axial Compression
7.6.3 Bending
7.6.4 Shear
7.6.5 Hydrostatic Pressure
7.6.6 Combined Axial Tension and Bending
7.6.7 Combined Axial Compression and Bending
7.6.8 Combined Axial Tension and Hydrostatic Pressure
7.6.9 Combined Axial Compression and Hydrostatic Pressure
7.6.10 AISC Historical Background
7.6.11 Pile Design Historical Background
7.6.12 Effects of Changes in Tubular Member Design
7.7 Failure Due to Fire
7.7.1 Degree of Utilization
7.7.2 Tension Member Design by EC3
7.7.3 Unrestrained Beams
7.7.4 Example: Strength Design for Steel Beams
7.7.5 Steel Column: Strength Design
7.7.6 Case Study: Deck Fire
7.8 Case Study: Platform Failure
7.8.1 Strength Reduction
7.8.2 Environmental Load Effect
7.8.3 Structure Assessment
7.9 Assessment of Platform
7.9.1 Nonlinear Structural Analysis in Ultimate Strength Design
7.9.2 Structural Modeling
7.9.3 Determining the Probability of Structural Failure
7.9.4 Offshore Structure Acceptance Criteria
7.9.5 Reliability Analysis
7.9.6 Software Requirement
7.10 Case Study: Platform Decommissioning
7.11 Scour Problem
7.12 Offshore Platform Repair
7.12.1 Deck Repair
7.12.2 Load Reduction
7.12.3 Jacket Repair
7.12.4 Dry Welding
7.12.5 Example: Platform Underwater Repair
7.12.6 Example: Platform “Shear Pups” Repair
7.12.7 Case Study: Underwater Repair for Platform Structure
7.12.8 Case Study: Platform Underwater Repair
7.12.9 Clamps
7.12.10 Example: Drilling Platform Stabilization after Hurricane Lili
7.12.11 Grouting
7.12.12 Composite Technology
7.12.13 Example: Using FRP
7.12.14 Case Study: Conductor Composite Repair
7.12.15 Fiberglass Access Decks
7.12.16 Fiberglass Mud Mats
7.12.17 Case Study: Repair of the Flare Jacket
7.12.18 Case Study: Repair of Bearing Support
Bibliography
8. Risk-Based Inspection Technique
8.1 Introduction
8.2 SIM Methodology
8.3 Qualitative Risk Assessment for Fleet Structures
8.3.1 Likelihood (Probability) Factors
8.3.2 Consequence Factors
8.3.3 Overall Risk Ranking
8.4.1 Underwater Inspection (According to API SIM 2005)
8.4 Underwater Inspection Plan
8.4.2 Baseline Underwater Inspection
8.4.3 Routine Underwater Inspection Scope of Work
8.4.4 Inspection Plan Based on ISO 9000
8.4.5 Inspection and Repair Strategy
8.4.6 Flooded Member Inspection
8.5 Anode Retrofit Maintenance Program
8.6 Assessment Process
8.6.1 Collecting Data
8.6.2 Structure Assessment
8.7 Mitigation and Risk Reduction
8.7.1 Consequence Mitigation
8.7.2 Reduction of the Probability of Platform Failure
8.8 Occurrence of Member Failures with Time
Bibliography
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Tags: Mohamed El-Reedy, Offshore Structures, Design Construction