Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention 1st Edition by Debasis Bagchi, Harry G Preuss, Anand Swaroop ISBN 9781482237221 1482237229

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ISBN 10: 1482237229
ISBN 13: 9781482237221
Author: Debasis Bagchi, Harry G Preuss, Anand Swaroop

Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in Human Health and Disease Prevention 1st Edition Table of contents:

Section I Introduction

Chapter 1 Global Food Habits and Trends An Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Nutrition Transition From “Fit To Fat”

1.3 Global Health Issues

1.4 Food Consumption Pattern

1.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2 Safety and Toxicity of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Classification of Functional Foods

2.2 Regulatory Standards for Functional Foods

2.2.1 Functional Food Labeling Regulation

2.2.2 Regulation of Functional Food Health Claims

2.3 Evaluation of Functional Foods

2.3.1 Exposure and Concern Level

2.3.2 Safety and Toxicological Determinants

2.3.2.1 Analytic Characterization of Functional Foods

2.3.2.2 Regulatory and Preclinical Assessment

2.3.2.3 Clinical Assessment

2.4 Novel Considerations in Functional Food Safety

2.4.1 Foods Derived from Genetically Modified Organisms

2.4.2 Foods Derived from the Use of Nanotechnology

2.4.3 Beverages and Energy Enhancers

2.4.4 Hemp and Marijuana

2.5 Potential Undesirable Effects Associated with Functional Foods

2.5.1 Allergens

2.5.2 Natural and Unintended Contaminants

2.5.2.1 Heavy Metals

2.5.2.2 Pesticides and Herbicides

2.5.2.3 Molds, Mycotoxins, and Natural Plant Toxins

2.5.2.4 Microbiological Agents in Food

2.5.3 Marine Foods and Toxins

2.5.4 Plant Toxins and Bioactives

2.6 Food Processing, Preservation, Packaging, and Preparation

2.7 Functional Food: Present and Future Trends

2.8 External Events Influencing the Food Supply: Conclusions

References

Chapter 3 Functional Foods in the Treatment of Processed Food Addiction and the Metabolic Syndrome

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Methods

3.3 Results

3.3.1 Results from PubMed for Research Related to Food Addiction and Functional Food Plans

3.3.1.1 Introduction to PubMed Results

3.3.1.2 Evidence for the Efficacy of Diabetes, Mediterranean, and Paleo Diets

3.3.1.3 Outcomes and Food Plans

3.3.1.4 Evidence for the Neurological Basis of Processed Food Addiction

3.3.1.5 Evidence for Addictive Properties in Foods

3.3.2 Food Disappearance Data from the USDA Economic Service

3.3.3 Qualitative Data from 12-Step Food Addiction Literature

3.3.3.1 Introduction to 12-Step Food Addiction Literature

3.3.3.2 Conformance to DSM-V Addiction Diagnostic Criteria

3.3.3.3 Abstinent Food Plans

3.3.3.4 Other Eliminated Foods

3.3.3.5 Recovery through Abstinent Food Plans

3.3.3.6 Summary of 12-Step Literature

3.3.4 Summary of the Results

3.4 Discussion

3.4.1 Issues in Implementing an Abstinent Food Plan

3.4.1.1 Food Addiction vs. Drug and Alcohol Addiction

3.4.1.2 Achieving Effective Abstinence: Adequate Elimination of Addictive Foods

3.4.1.3 Adequate Reduction in Exposure to Craving Cues

3.4.1.4 Effective Level of Recovery Activities

3.4.2 Summary of Discussion

3.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4 Nutraceuticals and Their Role in Human Health A Review

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Classifying Nutraceuticals

4.3 Dietary Fiber

4.4 Probiotics and Prebiotics

4.5 Omega Fatty Acids

4.6 Antioxidant Vitamins

4.7 Polyphenols

4.8 Herbs and Spices

4.9 Minerals

4.10 Current Status of Nutraceutical Industry

4.11 Conclusion

References

Section II Obesity, Diabetes, and Metabolic Syndrome

Chapter 5 Dietary Factors in Promoting Healthy Lifestyle A New Prospect of Neuroendocrine in Obesity

Abbreviations

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Epidemiology, Pathology, and Prevalence

5.2.1 Obesity, Body Weight, and Waist-to-Hip Ratio

5.2.2 Proteomics, Genetics, and Epigenetics

5.2.3 Emerging Countries, Dietary Factors, and Obesogens

5.3 Complications: Immune System and Cell Biological Insights

5.3.1 Adipocyte Differentiation

5.3.2 Metabolic Syndrome

5.3.3 Immunology: iNKT and Macrophage

5.3.4 Mitochondrial Stress: Nf-κb and PPARγ

5.4 Brain Function Cross Talk Between Adiposity and Endocrine

5.4.1 Adipokine Endocrinology

5.4.2 Cognitive Impairment and Intestinal Microbiome

5.4.3 Obesity and Infertility: HPG axis, Kisspeptin, and Sex Hormone

5.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6 Health Effects and Weight Loss Benefits of Calorie Restriction Dietary Regimens

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Effects of Calorie Restriction Regimens on Body Composition

6.3 Effects of Calorie Restriction Regimens on Plasma Lipids

6.4 Effects of Calorie Restriction Regimens on Insulin and Glucose

6.5 Effects of Calorie Restriction Regimens on Blood Pressure

6.6 Effects of Calorie Restriction on Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators

6.7 Effects of Calorie Restriction Regimens on Plasma Toxins

6.8 Summary

References

Chapter 7 Overview of Novel Herbal Supplements in Diabetes

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Indian Plants with Antidiabetic Properties

7.2.1 Syzygium cumini

7.2.2 Momordica charantia

7.2.3 Trigonella foenum-graecum

7.2.4 Pterocarpus marsupium

7.2.5 Ocimum sanctum

7.2.6 Gymnema sylvestre

7.2.7 Cinnamomum zeylanicum

7.2.8 Zingiber officinale

7.2.9 Aegle marmelos

7.3 Other Effective Supplements Having Beneficial Effect Against Diabetes

7.3.1 Alpha-lipoic acid

7.3.2 Magnesium

7.3.3 Manganese

7.3.4 Zinc

7.3.5 Chromium

7.3.6 Selenium

7.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8 Recommended Diet for Diabetics Hydrocarbons, Glycemic Impact, Glycemic Load, Glycemic Index, and Mediterranean Diet

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Epidemiology and Classification of Dm (Figure 8.1)

8.3 An Overview of Diabetic Complications

8.4 Relationship Between Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and T2dm

8.5 Carbohydrates

8.5.1 Types of Carbohydrates

8.5.2 Absorption and Metabolism

8.5.3 Absorption and Metabolism of Fructose

8.6 Health Consequence of Low-/High-Carbohydrate Diets

8.7 Caloric Intake

8.7.1 Calorie Counting and Energy Balance

8.8 Health Consequences of Low-/High-Caloric Diets

8.9 Glycemic Impact, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load

8.9.1 Definitions

8.10 Health Effects of Low-Gi/Load Versus High-Gi/Load Diets

8.11 Mediterranean Diet (Figure 8.2)

8.11.1 Various Dietetic Features of MedDiet

8.12 Glycation End Products in Diabetes and Diabetic Complications

8.13 Health Benefits of Meddiet in Randomized Clinical Trials

8.14 Multifunctional Compounds of Meddiet

8.14.1 Extra-Virgin Olive Oil and Nuts

8.14.2 Red Wine and Alcohol

8.14.3 Resveratrol

8.14.4 Pomegranate

8.14.5 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

8.15 Conclusions

References

Chapter 9 Antioxidative and AntiInflammatory Effects and Health Implications of Berry Polyphenols Evidence from Compositional and Structural Background to Cell, Animal, and Human Studies

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Chronic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Obesity

9.2.1 Chronic Inflammation in Obesity

9.2.2 Partial Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress Generation by Inflammation in Obesity

9.3 Antioxidant System

9.3.1 Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense System

9.3.2 Dietary Antioxidant Intake

9.4 Berry Anthocyanins As Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemical

9.4.1 Structural Differences in the Antioxidant Capacity of Berry Anthocyanins

9.4.2 Structural Differences in the Anti-inflammatory effects of berry anthocyanins

9.4.3 Structural Differences in the Effects of Berry Anthocyanins on Obesity-related disorder

9.5 Conclusion

References

Section III Cardiovascular Health

Chapter 10 Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health A Review

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Rationale for Dietary Pattern Analysis

10.3 Characterizing Dietary Patterns

10.4 Dietary Approach To Stop Hypertension

10.5 Mediterranean Diet

10.6 Very-Low-Carbohydrate Diet (Vlcd)

10.7 Summary

References

Section IV Arthritis, Inflammation, and Joint Disorders

Chapter 11 Review on the Efficacy of Probiotics in the Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Probiotics in Systemic Rheumatic Diseases

11.2.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis

11.2.1.1 Gut Microbiota and Rheumatoid Arthritis

11.2.1.2 Probiotics in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

11.2.1.2.1 Animal Studies

11.2.1.2.2 Human Studies

11.2.2 Gout

11.2.3 SjÖgren’s Syndrome

11.2.4 Fibromyalgia

11.2.5 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

11.2.6 Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis)

11.3 Probiotics in Nonsystemic Rheumatic Diseases

11.3.1 Osteoarthritis

11.3.2 Bursitis and Tendonitis

11.4 Conclusion and Future Trends

References

Chapter 12 Phytochemicals as AntiInflammatory Agents

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Phytochemicals and Their Classification

12.3 Cell Signaling Pathway Associated with Inflammation

12.4 Phytochemicals and Their Effect on Inflammation

12.4.1 Capsaicin

12.4.2 Curcumin

12.4.3 Catechins

12.4.4 Resveratrol

12.4.5 Quercetin

12.4.6 Genistein

12.4.7 Indole-3-Carbinol and Lycopene

12.4.8 Apigenin and Luteolin

12.5 Conclusion

References

Section V Brain Functions

Chapter 13 ω-3 PUFA, Advancing Age, and Brain Function A Review

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Dietary ω-3 Pufa and the Brain

13.2.1 ω-3 PUFA in the Brain: Type, Structure, and Abundance

13.2.2 ω-3 PUFA Imbalance in the Western Diet

13.2.3 Influence of the Diet on Brain Lipid Composition

13.2.4 Aging and the Brain Lipid Composition

13.3 Dietary ω-3 Pufa and Brain Aging in Humans: A Hard-To-Establish Link

13.3.1 Human Studies on “ω-3 PUFA and Brain Aging”: A Brief History

13.3.2 Main Pitfalls of Human Studies

13.4 Brain Aging: How Can ω-3 Pufa Help? Mechanisms Revealed By Experimental Studies

13.4.1 ω-3 PUFA and Cognitive Decline

13.4.2 ω-3 PUFA and Neurotransmission (Figure 13.2)

13.4.3 ω-3 PUFA and Endogenous Brain Repair Processes (Figure 13.3)

13.4.3.1 ω-3 PUFA and Neuroinflammation

13.4.3.2 ω-3 PUFA and Oxidative Damage

13.4.3.3 ω-3 PUFA and Cerebral Circulation

13.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 14 Stress, Parkinson’s, and Alzheimer’s Disease Role of Dietary Supplements

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Role of Dietary Supplements on Stress

14.3 Significance of Nutrition in Parkinson’S Disease

14.3.1 Optimal Nutrition for People Afflicted by Parkinson’s Disease

14.3.1.1 Bone Thinning

14.3.1.2 Dehydration

14.3.1.3 Bowel Impaction

14.3.1.4 Weight Loss

14.3.2 Role of Dietary Supplements in Parkinson’s Disease

14.4 Role of Supplements in Alzheimer’S Disease

14.4.1 Diet and Supplements for Alzheimer’s Disease

14.4.1.1 Alzheimer’s Prevention Diet

14.4.1.2 Vitamins and Other Memory-Specific Nutrients for Alzheimer’s

14.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 15 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods in the Prevention of Mental Disorders

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Causes of Mental Illness

15.2.1 Heredity (Genetics)

15.2.2 Biology

15.2.3 Psychological Trauma

15.2.4 Mental HEALTH

15.2.5 Aging

15.3 Role of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods in Mental Performance

15.3.1 Carbohydrates and Mental Health

15.3.2 Proteins and Mental Health

15.3.3 Fats and Mental Health

15.3.4 Vitamins and Mental Health

15.3.4.1 Vitamin A

15.3.4.2 Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

15.3.4.3 Vitamin B2

15.3.4.4 Vitamin B6

15.3.4.5 Vitamin B9 (Folate)

15.3.4.6 Vitamin B12

15.3.4.7 Niacin

15.3.4.8 Vitamin C

15.3.4.9 Vitamin E

15.3.4.10 Vitamin D

15.3.5 Folic Acid

15.3.6 Caffeine and Mental Health

15.3.7 Minerals and Mental Health

15.3.7.1 Iron

15.3.7.2 Magnesium

15.3.7.3 Copper

15.3.7.4 Zinc

15.4 Other Plant- and Fruit-Derived Nutraceutical and Functional Foods Used in the Prevention of Mental Disorder

15.5 Conclusions

References

Section VI Pulmonary Diseases

Chapter 16 Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Synbiotics for the Management of Respiratory Disease

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Airway Microbiota

16.3 Gut–Airway Cross Talk

16.4 Pre-, Pro-, and Synbiotic-Based Therapies

16.5 Mechanism of Action of Pre-, Pro-, and Synbiotics

16.6 Concluding Comments

References

Chapter 17 Pulmonary and Respiratory Health Antioxidants and Nutraceuticals

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Antioxidants and Nutraceuticals in Pulmonary and Respiratory Health

17.2.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants

17.2.2 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants

17.2.2.1 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

17.2.2.2 Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)

17.2.2.3 Glutathione

17.2.2.4 Carotenoids (β-Carotene)

17.2.2.5 Lycopene

17.2.2.6 Tannins

17.2.2.7 Catechins

17.2.2.8 Luteolin

17.2.2.9 Ellagic Acid

17.2.2.10 Gingerol

17.2.2.11 Chlorogenic Acid

17.3 Therapeutic Intervention with Antioxidants

17.4 Polyphenols As Antioxidant

17.5 Other Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals Used in the Prevention of Pulmonary and Respiratory Disease

17.6 Conclusions

References

Section VII Hypertension

Chapter 18 Nutrition and Nutraceutical Supplements for the Treatment of Hypertension

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Epidemiology

18.3 Pathophysiology

18.3.1 Oxidative Stress

18.3.2 Inflammation

18.3.3 Autoimmune Dysfunction

18.4 Treatment

18.4.1 DASH DIETS

18.4.1.1 Sodium (Na+) Reduction

18.4.1.2 Potassium

18.4.1.3 Magnesium (Mg2+)

18.4.1.4 Zinc (Zn2+)

18.4.2 Protein

18.4.3 Amino Acids and Related Compounds

18.4.3.1 L-Arginine

18.4.3.2 L-Carnitine and Acetyl-L-Carnitine

18.4.3.3 Taurine

18.4.4 Omega-3 Fats

18.4.4.1 Omega-9 Fats

18.4.4.2 Fiber

18.4.4.3 Vitamin C

18.4.4.4 Vitamin E

18.4.4.5 Vitamin D

18.4.4.6 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)

18.4.4.7 Flavonoids

18.4.4.8 Lycopene

18.4.4.9 Pycnogenol

18.4.4.10 Garlic

18.4.4.11 Seaweed

18.4.4.12 Sesame

18.4.4.13 Beverages: Tea, Coffee, and Cocoa

18.4.4.14 Additional Compounds

18.4.4.15 Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)

18.4.4.16 Alpha Lipoic Acid

18.4.5 N-ACETYL Cysteine

18.4.6 Hawthorn

18.4.7 Quercetin

18.5 Clinical Considerations

18.5.1 Combining Food and Nutrients with Medications

18.6 Summary

References

Chapter 19 Effects of Different Dietary Fibers on Sugar-Induced Blood Pressure Elevations in Hypertensive Rats Focus on Viscosity

Abbreviations

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Materials and Methods

19.2.1 Protocol

19.2.2 Body Weight

19.2.3 Food Intake

19.2.4 Systolic Blood Pressure

19.2.5 Viscosity Measurements

19.2.6 Xylose Test

19.2.7 Statistical Analyses

19.3 Results

19.3.1 Systolic Blood Pressure (Figure 19.1a through c)

19.3.2 Food Consumption (Table 19.2)

19.3.3 Body Weight (Figure 19.3a through c)

19.3.4 Viscosity Measurements of Fiber and Fiber-Containing Feed (Table 19.3)

19.3.5 Xylose Excretory Test (Table 19.3, Third Column)

19.4 Discussion

References

Section VIII Immune Health

Chapter 20 Dietary Supplements, Nutraceutical, and Functional Foods in Immune Response (Immunomodulators)

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Dietary Supplements, Nutraceutical, and Functional Foods in Immune Response

20.2.1 Dietary Fibers in Immune Response

20.2.2 Probiotics in Immune Responses

20.2.3 Antioxidants in Immune Response

20.2.4 Mushrooms in Immune Response

20.2.5 Vitamins in Immune Response

20.2.5.1 Vitamin A

20.2.5.2 Vitamin C

20.2.5.3 Vitamin D

20.2.5.4 Vitamin E

20.2.6 Folic Acid in Immune Response

20.2.7 Polysaccharides in Immune Response

20.2.8 Phytochemicals in Immune Response

20.3 Conclusions

References

Section IX Cancer

Chapter 21 Natural Products in the Prevention of Cancer A Review

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Molecular Targets of Natural Chemopreventive Agents

21.2.1 Oxidant and Xenobiotic Defense

21.2.2 Inflammatory Signaling

21.2.3 Growth Factor Signaling

21.2.4 Apoptosis

21.2.5 Epigenome

21.3 Efficacy and Mechanisms of Chemopreventive Phytochemicals

21.3.1 Retinoids

21.3.2 Phenolic Compounds

21.3.2.1 Flavonoids

21.3.2.1.1 Catechins

21.3.2.1.2 Quercetin

21.3.2.2 Stilbenes

21.3.2.3 Curcuminoids

21.3.3 Glucosinolates

21.4 Overcoming Challenges in the Development of Chemopreventive Modalities

21.4.1 Bioavailability

21.4.2 Individualization

21.5 Perspective

References

Chapter 22 Helicobacter pylori Infection and Phytochemicals

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Pathogenicity of H. pylori

22.3 Epidemiological Studies Supporting the Role of Phytochemicals

22.4 In Vitro Studies

22.5 In Vivo Studies

22.6 Combined in Vitro and in Vivo Studies

22.7 Conclusion/Future Direction

References

Section X Ocular Health and Vision

Chapter 23 Integrative View of the Nutrition of the Eye

23.1 Handling Sunlight: Parallels Between the Human Eye and Photosynthesis

23.1.1 Introduction

23.1.2 Structures of Carotenoids with Important Biological Function

23.1.3 Carotenoids and Light Harvesting

23.1.4 Carotenoids and Photoprotection

23.2 Overview of Carotenoid Function in Plants

23.2.1 Photoprotection by Prevention of ROS Formation

23.2.2 Photoprotection by ROS Detoxification

23.2.3 Trade-Offs

23.3 Overview of Photoprotective Carotenoid Functions in the Human Eye

23.3.1 Roles of Zeaxanthin versus Lutein in the Human Eye

23.3.2 Role of Carotenoids in Redox-Modulated Gene Regulation

23.4 Management of Eye Health

23.4.1 Diet for Eye Health

23.4.2 Holistic Eye-Health Management through Nutrition and Lifestyle

References

Section XI Prostate Health

Chapter 24 Nutraceuticals for Prostate Cancer

24.1 Introduction

24.1.1 Androgen Receptor and Prostate Cancer

24.1.2 Inflammation and Prostate Cancer

24.2 Antitumorigenic Properties of Nutraceuticals

24.2.1 Lycopene (Tomatoes)

24.2.2 EGCG (GREEN TEA)

24.2.3 Isothiocyanates (Cruciferous Vegetables)

24.2.4 Tocopherols (Vitamin E)

24.2.5 Isoflavones (Soy)

24.2.5.1 Mode of Action of Soy Isoflavones on Prostate Cancer

24.2.5.1.1 Androgen Receptor

24.2.5.1.2 Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis

24.2.5.1.3 Cell Cycle

24.2.5.1.4 Protein Kinases

24.2.5.1.5 Epigenetics

24.2.5.1.6 Inflammation

24.2.5.1.7 Antioxidant Activity

24.2.5.1.8 Animal Models

24.2.5.2 Clinical Applications of Soy Isoflavones

24.2.6 Curcumin (Diferuloylmethane)

24.2.6.1 Mode of Action of Curcumin on Prostate Cancer

24.2.6.1.1 Androgen Receptor

24.2.6.1.2 Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis

24.2.6.1.3 Protein Kinases

24.2.6.1.4 Cell Cycle

24.2.6.1.5 Antioxidant Activity and Inflammation

24.2.6.2 Clinical Applications of Curcumin

24.3 Combined Treatment with Soy Isoflavones and Curcumin

24.3.1 Effects of Soy Isoflavones and Curcumin on DNA Damage Response (DDR)

24.4 Conclusions

References

Section XII Sleeping Disorders

Chapter 25 Nutrition and Sleep An Overview

25.1 Introduction

25.1.1 Sleep Measures

25.1.2 Sleep Terminology

25.1.3 Macronutrients Associated with Sleep

25.2 Dietary Fat and Sleep

25.2.1 Fatty Acids and Sleep

25.2.2 Saturated Fatty Acids and Sleep

25.2.3 Monounsaturated Fatty Acids and Sleep

25.2.4 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Sleep

25.2.5 Cholesterol and Sleep

25.3 Protein and Sleep

25.4 Carbohydrates and Sleep

25.5 Micronutrients: Vitamins, Minerals, and Sleep

25.6 Caffeine, Alcohol, and Sleep

25.7 Kilocalories and Sleep

25.8 Fluid Intake and Sleep

25.9 Implications

25.10 Summary

References

Section XIII Wound Healing

Chapter 26 Oral Supplementation of a Standardized Naturally Fermented Papaya Preparation May Correct Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Dysregulation

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Fermented Papaya Preparation

26.3 Ros: the Good, the Bad, and the Ugly

26.4 Fpp in Diabetic Wound Healing

26.5 Fpp in T2dm Immune Cell Function

26.6 Conclusions

References

Section XIV Hair and Skin Health

Chapter 27 Herbal Treatment for Hair Loss and Alopecia An Overview

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Nutricosmetics and Hair

27.3 Herbal Treatment for Hair Loss

27.3.1 Botanical Treatment

27.3.1.1 Capsaicin and Isoflavone

27.3.1.1.1 Glycine max

27.3.1.1.2 Panax ginseng

27.3.1.1.3 Serenoa repens

27.3.1.1.4 Kampo Medicine

27.3.2 Amino Acid Treatment

27.3.3 Mineral and Vitamin Treatment

27.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 28 Nutrition, Nutraceuticals, and Hair Growth

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Mechanism of Hair Growth

28.2.1 Structure of Hair Follicles

28.2.2 Hair Growth Cycle

28.2.3 Molecular Factors Controlling Hair Growth

28.2.4 Hormonal Factors Controlling Hair Growth

28.3 Hair Loss

28.3.1 Alopecia

28.3.2 Factors Leading to Hair Loss

28.4 Nutrition and Hair Growth

28.5 Nutraceuticals and Hair Growth

28.5.1 Nutraceuticals from Plant Sources

28.5.2 Nutraceuticals from Animal Sources

28.5.3 Polyherbal Complex

28.5.4 Single Compounds

28.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 29 Herbal Treatment for Skin Wrinkle An Overview

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Nutricosmetics and Skin

29.3 Herbal Actives for Skin Wrinkle Treatment

29.3.1 Carotenoids

29.3.2 Polysaccharides

29.4 Minerals for Skin Wrinkle Treatment

29.5 Vitamins and Essential Fatty Acids for Skin Wrinkle Treatment

29.6 Conclusions

References

Section XV Fertility and Sexual Health

Chapter 30 Nutraceuticals and Male Fertility A Review

Abbreviations

30.1 Introduction

30.2 Oxidative Stress

30.3 Antioxidants

30.4 Diet and Obesity

30.5 Review of Nutraceuticals

30.5.1 Arginine

30.5.1.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.1.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.1.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.1.4 Conclusion

30.5.2 Carnitines

30.5.2.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.2.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.2.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.2.4 Conclusion

30.5.3 Coenzyme Q10

30.5.3.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.3.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.3.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.3.4 Conclusion

30.5.4 Folic Acid

30.5.4.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.4.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.4.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.4.4 Conclusion

30.5.5 Glutathione

30.5.5.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.5.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.5.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.5.4 Conclusion

30.5.6 Lycopene

30.5.6.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.6.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.6.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.6.4 Conclusion

30.5.7 Omega Fatty Acids (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids)

30.5.7.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.7.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.7.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.7.4 Conclusion

30.5.8 Pentoxyfylline

30.5.8.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.8.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.8.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.8.4 Conclusion

30.5.9 Phytoestrogens (Isoflavones)

30.5.9.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.9.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.9.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.9.4 Conclusion

30.5.10 Selenium

30.5.10.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.10.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.10.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.10.4 Conclusion

30.5.11 Vitamin A

30.5.11.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.11.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.11.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.11.4 Conclusion

30.5.12 Vitamin C

30.5.12.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.12.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.12.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.12.4 Conclusion

30.5.13 Vitamin D

30.5.13.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.13.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.13.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.13.4 Conclusion

30.5.14 Vitamin E

30.5.14.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.14.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.14.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.14.4 Conclusion

30.5.15 ZINC

30.5.15.1 Mechanism of Action

30.5.15.2 Evidence for Benefit

30.5.15.3 Evidence against Benefit

30.5.15.4 Conclusion

30.6 Discussion

30.7 Summary

References

Chapter 31 Sexual Dysfunctions and Nutraceutical Therapy An Examination of Human Research

Introduction

31.1 Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions

31.2 d-Aspartic Acid

31.2.1 Background

31.2.2 Clinical Research

31.2.3 Adverse Reactions/Drug Interactions

31.2.4 Comments

31.3 Fenugreek

31.3.1 Background

31.3.2 Clinical Research

31.3.2.1 Testofen Study 1

31.3.2.2 Testofen Study 2

31.3.2.3 Libifem

31.3.2.4 Testosurge

31.3.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.3.4 Comments

31.4 Eurycoma Longifolia

31.4.1 Background

31.4.2 Clinical Research

31.4.2.1 Physta/LJ100 Study 1

31.4.2.2 Physta/LJ100 Study 2

31.4.2.3 Physta/LJ100 Study 3

31.4.2.4 Physta/LJ100 Study 4

31.4.2.5 Physta/LJ100 Study 5

31.4.2.6 Physta/LJ100 Study 6

31.4.2.7 Physta/LJ100 Study 7

31.4.2.8 Physta/LJ100 Study 8

31.4.2.9 Physta/LJ100 Study 9

31.4.2.10 Physta/LJ100 Study 10

31.4.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.4.4 Comments

31.5 Yohimbine

31.5.1 Background

31.5.2 Clinical Research

31.5.2.1 Yohimbine Study 1

31.5.2.2 Yohimbine Study 2

31.5.2.3 Yohimbine Study 3

31.5.2.4 Yohimbine Study 4

31.5.2.5 Yohimbine Study 5

31.5.2.6 Yohimbine Study 6

31.5.2.7 Yohimbine Study 7

31.5.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.5.4 Comments

31.6 Vitamin D

31.6.1 Background

31.6.2 Clinical Research

31.6.2.1 Vitamin D Study 1

31.6.2.2 Vitamin D Study 2

31.6.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.6.4 Comments

31.7 Dhea

31.7.1 Background

31.7.2 Clinical Research

31.7.2.1 DHEA Study 1

31.7.2.2 DHEA Study 2

31.7.2.3 DHEA Study 3

31.7.2.4 DHEA Study 4

31.7.2.5 DHEA Study 5

31.7.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.7.4 Comments

31.8 l-Arginine

31.8.1 Background

31.8.2 Clinical Research

31.8.2.1 l-Arginine Study 1

31.8.2.2 l-Arginine Study 2

31.8.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.8.4 Comments

31.9 l-Citrulline

31.9.1 Background

31.9.2 Clinical Research

31.9.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.9.4 Comments

31.10 l-Arginine with Other Nutraceuticals

31.10.1 Background

31.10.2 Clinical Research

31.10.2.1 l-Arginine + Yohimbine Study 1

31.10.2.2 l-Arginine + Yohimbine Study 2

31.10.2.3 l-Arginine + Pycnogenol Study 1

31.10.2.4 l-Arginine + Pycnogenol Study 2

31.10.2.5 l-Arginine + Pycnogenol Study 3

31.10.2.6 l-Arginine + Pycnogenol Study 4

31.10.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.10.4 Comments

31.11 Saw Palmetto + Astaxanthin

31.11.1 Background

31.11.2 Clinical Research

31.11.2.1 Saw Palmetto + Astaxanthin Study 1

31.11.2.2 Saw Palmetto + Astaxanthin Study 2

31.11.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.11.4 Comments

31.12 Shilajit

31.12.1 Background

31.12.2 Clinical Research

31.12.2.1 Shilajit Study 1

31.12.2.2 Shilajit Study 2

31.12.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.12.4 Comments

31.13 Ashwagandha

31.13.1 Background

31.13.2 Clinical Research

31.13.2.1 Ashwagandha Study 1

31.13.2.2 Ashwagandha Study 2

31.13.2.3 Ashwagandha Study 3

31.13.2.4 Ashwagandha Study 4

31.13.3 Adverse Reactions/drug Interactions

31.13.4 Comments

References

Section XVI Cosmeceuticals

Chapter 32 Nutraceuticals in Cosmeceuticals

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Regulatory Agencies Governing Food Safety and Cosmetics

32.2.1 International

32.2.2 United States

32.3 Classification of Cosmeceuticals and Nutricosmetics

32.4 Nutritional, Efficacy, and Quality

32.4.1 Sensory Properties

32.4.1.1 Physical and Chemical Characteristics

32.4.1.1.1 Appearance and Texture

32.4.1.1.2 Flavors and Colorants in Nutriceuticals

32.4.1.2 Processing, Preservation, and Packaging of Functional Foods and Cosmeceuticals

32.4.2 Functional Responses, Safety, and Efficacy of Nutritional Cosmeceuticals

32.4.2.1 Cosmeceutical Classifications

32.4.2.1.1 Antioxidants and Collagens

32.4.2.1.2 Anti-Inflammatories

32.4.2.2 Nutricosmetics

32.5 Targeted Populations

32.6 Future Considerations

References

Section XVII Exercise and Physical Health

Chapter 33 Nutrition, Functional Foods, and Exercise A Review

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Replenishment of Water

33.3 Improvement of Energy Metabolism and Replenishment of Energy Substrates

33.4 Building Muscle

33.5 Maintenance of Exercise-Induced Homeostasis Disturbance

33.6 Conclusion

References

Section XVIII Sickle Cell Anemia

Chapter 34 Nutraceuticals in the Management of Sickle Cell Anemia

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Antisickling Phytochemicals

34.3 Antioxidants

34.4 Nutritional Supplementation

34.5 Current Trends in the Use of Nutraceuticals for Sickle Cell Anemia Management

References

Section XIX Role of Probiotics in Gastrointestinal and Dental Health

Chapter 35 Health Benefits of Human Probiont Lactobacillus plantarum

35.1 Background

35.2 Benefecial Role of Lactobacillus plantarum in Human Health Conditions

35.2.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease

35.2.2 Protection against Influenza Virus

35.2.3 Toxic Shock Syndrome

35.2.4 Obstructive Jaundice

35.2.5 Prevention of Hyperlipidemia

35.2.6 Typhoid

35.2.7 Colorectal Cancer

35.2.8 Gastroenteritis

35.3 Possible Mechanism of Probiotic Action of Lactobacillus plantarum

35.3.1 Adherence Mechanism in Lactobacillus plantarum

35.3.2 Extracellular Polysaccharide

35.3.3 Bacteriocins

35.3.4 Competitive Exclusion

35.3.5 Immunomodulation

35.3.6 Peptidoglycan Hydrolases

35.4 Summary

References

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