Next generation video coding and streaming 1st Edition by Benny Bing ISBN 1118891309 978-1118891308

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Product details: 

ISBN 10: 1118891309

ISBN 13:  978-1118891308

Author:  Benny Bing 

Reviews the new High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and advancements in adaptive streaming technologies for use in broadband networks and the Internet

This book describes next-generation video coding and streaming technologies with a comparative assessment of the strengths and weaknesses. Specific emphasis is placed on the H.265/HEVC video coding standard and adaptive bit rate video streaming. In addition to evaluating the impact of different types of video content and powerful feature sets on HEVC coding efficiency, the text provides an in-depth study on the practical performance of popular adaptive streaming platforms and useful tips for streaming optimization. Readers will learn of new over-the-top (OTT) online TV advancements, the direction of the broadband telecommunications industry, and the latest developments that will help keep implementation costs down and maximize return on infrastructure investment.

Reviews the emerging High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and compares its coding performance with the MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) and MPEG-2 standards
Provides invaluable insights into the intra and inter coding efficiencies of HEVC, such as the impact of hierarchical block partitioning and new prediction modes
Evaluates the performance of the Apple and Microsoft adaptive streaming platforms and presents innovative techniques related to aggregate stream bandwidth prediction, duplicate chunk
Includes end-of-chapter homework problems and access to instructor slides

Next-Generation Video Coding and Streaming is written for students, researchers, and industry professionals working in the field of video communications.

Benny Bing has worked in academia for over 20 years. He has published over 80 research papers and 12 books, and has 6 video patents licensed to industry. He has served as a technical editor for several IEEE journals and an IEEE Communications Society Distinguished lecturer. He also received the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) Technology Innovation Award for demonstrations of advanced media technologies.

Table of contents: 

1 Digital Video Delivery
1.1 Broadband TV Landscape
1.1.1 Internet TV Providers
1.1.2 Netflix
1.1.3 Hulu
1.1.4 Amazon
1.1.5 YouTube
1.1.6 ESPN3
1.1.7 HBO
1.1.8 CBS
1.1.9 Sony
1.1.10 Retail Giants
1.2 Internet TV Delivery Platforms
1.2.1 Cloud TV
1.2.2 Content Delivery Network
1.2.3 Free CDN
1.2.4 Video Transcoding
1.3 Second Screen Device Adoption
1.3.1 Mobile Video
1.3.2 Mobile Versus Traditional TV
1.3.3 Over-the-Air Digital TV
1.3.4 Non-Real-Time TV Delivery
1.3.5 NRT Use Cases
1.3.6 Cable Wi-Fi Alliance
1.4 Screen and Video Resolution
1.4.1 Aspect Ratios
1.4.2 Video Resolution
1.4.3 Visual Quality
1.4.4 Matching Video Content to Screen Size
1.5 Stereoscopic 3D TV
1.5.1 Autostereoscopic 3D
1.5.2 Anaglyph 3D
1.6 Video Coding Standards
1.6.1 Exploiting Video Content Redundancies
1.6.2 High-Quality Versus High-Resolution Videos
1.6.3 Factors Affecting Coded Video Bit Rates
1.6.4 Factors Affecting Coded Frame Sizes
1.7 Video Streaming Protocols
1.7.1 Video Streaming over HTTP
1.7.2 Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming
1.7.3 Benefits and Drawbacks of Adaptive Streaming
1.7.4 HTTP Progressive Download
1.7.5 HTML5
1.8 TV Interfaces and Navigation
1.8.1 Streaming Adapters
1.8.2 Streaming Boxes
1.8.3 Media-Activated TV Navigation
1.8.4 Smartphone and Tablet TV Navigation
1.8.5 Digital Living Network Alliance
1.8.6 Discovery and Launch
1.8.7 UltraViolet

2 Video Coding Fundamentals
2.1 Sampling Formats of Raw Videos
2.1.1 Color Subsampling
2.1.2 YUV Versus RGB Color Space
2.1.3 Bit Rate and Storage Requirements
2.2 Impact of Video Compression
2.2.1 Rate-Distortion Optimization
2.2.2 Partitions in a Video Frame
2.2.3 Video Coding Standards
2.2.4 Profiles and Levels
2.3 General Video Codec Operations
2.3.1 Transform Coding
2.3.2 Quantization
2.3.3 Deblocking Filter
2.4 Transform Coding
2.4.1 Orthonormal Transforms
2.4.2 Discrete Cosine Transform
2.4.3 Discrete Sine Transform
2.4.4 Asymmetric DST
2.4.5 Comparison of KLT ADST and DCT
2.4.6 Hybrid Transforms
2.4.7 Wavelet Transform
2.4.8 Impact of Transform Size
2.4.9 Impact of Parallel Coding
2.5 Entropy Coding
2.5.1 Variable Length Codes
2.5.2 Golomb Codes
2.5.3 Arithmetic Coding Overview
2.5.4 Nonadaptive Arithmetic Coding
2.5.5 Steps in Nonadaptive Arithmetic Coding
2.5.6 Context-Based Adaptive Arithmetic Coding
2.5.7 Code Synchronization
2.6 MPEG (H.26x) Standards
2.6.1 MPEG Frames
2.6.2 I Frames
2.6.3 P Frames
2.6.4 B Frames
2.6.5 Intracoded P and B Frames
2.7 Group of Pictures
2.7.1 GOP Length
2.7.2 Closed GOP
2.7.3 Error Resiliency in a Closed GOP
2.7.4 Decoding Sequence
2.7.5 Open GOP
2.7.6 Variable GOP Length
2.7.7 Random Access of MPEG Frames
2.8 Motion Estimation and Compensation
2.8.1 Motion Estimation
2.8.2 Motion Search in P Frames
2.8.3 Motion Search in B Frames
2.8.4 Fractional (Subsample) Motion Search
2.8.5 Motion Compensation
2.8.6 Computational Complexity
2.8.7 Motion Search Algorithms
2.8.8 Accelerating Motion Search
2.8.9 Impact of Video Resolution
2.9 Non-MPEG Video Coding
2.9.1 Motion JPEG
2.9.2 Dirac
2.9.3 WebM Project
2.10 Constant and Variable Bit-Rate Videos
2.10.1 CBR Encoding
2.10.2 VBR Encoding
2.10.3 Assessing Bit Rate Variability
2.10.4 Scene Change Detection
2.10.5 Adaptive Scene Change Detection
2.10.6 I Frame Size Prediction
2.11 Advanced Audio Coding
2.11.1 Low and High Bit Rate AAC
2.11.2 High-Efficiency and Low-Complexity AAC
2.11.3 MPEG Surround
2.12 Video Containers
2.12.1 MPEG-4
2.12.2 MP4 Access Units
2.12.3 Binary Format for Scenes
2.12.4 MP4 Overheads
2.12.5 MPEG-2 TS
2.12.6 MPEG-2 TS Structure
2.12.7 MPEG-2 TS Audio and Video PESs
2.12.8 MPEG-2 TS IP/Ethernet Encapsulation
2.13 Closed Captions

3 H.264/AVC Standard

3.1 Overview of H.264

3.1.1 Fundamental H.264 Benefits

3.1.2 H.264 Applications

3.2 H.264 Syntax and Semantics

3.2.1 Profiles and Levels

3.2.2 Baseline Extended Main Profiles

3.2.3 High Profiles

3.3 H.264 Encoder

3.3.1 H.264 Slice Types

3.3.2 H.264 Intraprediction

3.3.3 Intraprediction for 4 × 4 Blocks

3.3.4 Intraprediction for 16 × 16 Macroblocks

3.3.5 Intra Pulse Code Modulation Mode

3.3.6 H.264 Interprediction

3.4 Rate Distortion Optimization

3.4.1 RDO under VBR

3.4.2 RDO under CBR

3.4.3 In-Loop Deblocking Filter

3.5 Video Coding and Network Abstraction Layers

3.5.1 Video Coding Layer

3.5.2 Network Abstraction Layer

3.5.3 Hypothetical Reference Decoder

3.5.4 Supplemental Enhancement Information

3.6 Error Resilience

3.6.1 Slice Coding

3.6.2 Data Partitioning

3.6.3 Slice Groups

3.6.4 Redundant Slices

3.6.5 Flexible Macroblock Ordering

3.6.6 FMO Types

3.6.7 FMO Overhead

3.6.8 Arbitrary Slice Ordering

3.7 Transform Coding

3.7.1 Transform Types

3.7.2 Hadamard Transforms

3.7.3 Transform Implementation

3.8 Entropy Coding

3.8.1 Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding

3.8.2 CABAC Performance

3.8.3 Context-Adaptive Variable-Length Coding

3.9 Motion Vector Search

3.9.1 Motion Search Options

3.10 Multiple Reference Slices

3.10.1 Motivations for Using More Reference Slices

3.10.2 Switching Reference Slices

3.11 Scalable Video Coding

3.11.1 Temporal Scalability

3.11.2 Spatial Scalability

3.11.3 Video Quality Scalability

3.11.4 Disadvantages of SVC

References

Homework Problems

4 H.265/HEVC Standard

4.1 H.265 Overview

4.1.1 Fundamental H.265 Benefits

4.1.2 H.265 Applications

4.1.3 Video Input

4.2 H.265 Syntax and Semantics

4.2.1 Parameter Set Structure

4.2.2 NAL Unit Syntax Structure

4.2.3 Reference Frame Sets and Lists

4.2.4 H.265 GOP Structure

4.2.5 Support for Open GOPs and Random Access

4.2.6 Video Coding Layer

4.2.7 Temporal Sublayers

4.2.8 Error Resilience

4.2.9 RTP Support

4.3 Profiles Levels and Tiers

4.3.1 Profiles

4.3.2 Levels

4.3.3 Range Extensions

4.4 Quadtrees

4.4.1 Variable Block Size Quadtree Partitioning

4.4.2 Coding Tree Units

4.4.3 Splitting of Coding Blocks

4.4.4 Frame Boundary Matching

4.4.5 Prediction Blocks and Units

4.4.6 Transform Blocks and Units

4.4.7 Determining the Quadtree Depth

4.4.8 Coding Unit Identification

4.5 Slices

4.5.1 Tiles

4.5.2 Dependent Slice Segments

4.5.3 Wavefront Parallel Processing

4.5.4 Practical Considerations for Parallel Processing

4.6 Intraprediction

4.6.1 Prediction Block Partitioning

4.6.2 Intra-Angular Prediction

4.6.3 Intra-DC and Intra-Planar Prediction

4.6.4 Adaptive Smoothing of Reference Samples

4.6.5 Filtering of Prediction Block Boundary Samples

4.6.6 Reference Sample Substitution

4.6.7 Mode Coding

4.7 Interprediction

4.7.1 Fractional Sample Interpolation

4.7.2 Motion Vector Prediction

4.7.3 Merge Mode

4.7.4 Skip Mode

4.7.5 Advanced MV Prediction

4.7.6 Restrictions on Motion Data

4.7.7 Practical Considerations

4.8 Transform Scaling and Quantization

4.8.1 Alternative 4 × 4 Transform

4.8.2 Scaling

4.8.3 Quantization

4.9 Entropy Encoding

4.9.1 H.265 Binarization Formats

4.9.2 Context Modeling

4.9.3 CABAC Throughput Issues

4.9.4 CABAC Encoding

4.9.5 CABAC Decoding

4.9.6 Coefficient Scanning

4.9.7 Coefficient Coding

4.10 In-Loop Filters

4.10.1 In-Loop Deblocking Filter

4.10.2 Sample-Adaptive Offset Filter

4.11 Special H.265 Coding Modes

5 Assessing and Enhancing Video Quality

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 Subjective Metrics

5.1.2 Limitations of Subjective Metrics

5.1.3 Objective Metrics

5.1.4 Types of Objective Metrics

5.1.5 References for Objective Metrics

5.1.6 Network Impact

5.2 Distortion Measure

5.2.1 Sum of Absolute Differences

5.2.2 Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences

5.3 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio

5.3.1 Combined PSNR

5.3.2 Impact of Video Resolution and QP on PSNR

5.3.3 Limitations of PSNR

5.4 Structural Similarity Index

5.5 Observable Versus Perceptual Visual Artifacts

5.5.1 Limited Information Provided by PSNR

5.5.2 Observable Artifacts and Link Quality

5.5.3 Combined Spatial and Temporal Video Quality Assessment

5.6 Error Concealment

5.6.1 Error Resilience

5.6.2 Impact on Visual Artifacts

5.6.3 Types of Error Concealment

5.6.4 Comparison of EC Methods

5.6.5 Increasing Frame Rate Using EC

5.6.6 Actions Performed After EC

5.7 Color Science

5.7.1 Color Reception

5.7.2 Color Reproduction

References

Homework Problems

6 Coding Performance of H.262, H.264, and H.265

6.1 Coding Parameters

6.1.1 Coding Block Size

6.1.2 Transform Block Size

6.1.3 TMVP SAO AMP

6.2 Comparison of H.265 and H.264

6.2.1 Absolute Coding Efficiency

6.2.2 Relative Coding Gain

6.2.3 Videos with Different Levels of Motion

6.3 Frame Coding Comparison

6.3.1 I Frame Coding Efficiency Quality and Time

6.3.2 P Frame Coding Efficiency Quality and Time

6.3.3 B Frame Coding Efficiency Quality and Time

6.3.4 Overall Frame Coding Efficiency Quality and Time

6.4 Impact of Coding Block Size on Frame Coding Efficiency

6.4.1 Impact of Transform Block Size on Frame Coding Efficiency

6.4.2 Impact of Coding Block Size on Frame Encoding Time

6.4.3 Impact of Transform Block Size on Frame Encoding Time

6.4.4 Impact of CU Size on Encoding Time

6.4.5 Decoding Time

6.5 Summary of Coding Performance

6.6 Error Resiliency Comparison of H.264 and H.265

6.6.1 H.264 Error Resiliency

6.6.2 H.265 Error Resiliency

6.7 H.264/H.265 Versus H.262

6.7.1 Performance Comparison

6.7.2 H.262 Frame Coding Efficiency

6.7.3 Impact of GOP Size

References

Homework Problems

7 3D Video Coding

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 3D Video Transmission and Coding

7.1.2 View Multiplexing

7.1.3 View Expansion and Display

7.1.4 View Packing Methods

7.2 Multiview Coding

7.2.1 MVC Bitstream

7.2.2 2D to 3D Conversion

7.2.3 H.264 Multiview Coding Extension

7.2.4 MVC Inter-view Prediction

7.2.5 MVC Inter-view Reordering

7.2.6 MVC Profiles

7.2.7 Comparing MVC with 2D H.264 Video Coding

7.3 Correlation Between Left and Right Views in S3D VIDEOS

7.4 View Expansion Via Sample Interpolation

7.4.1 Impact of Sample Interpolation

7.4.2 Inter-view Versus Intraview Sample Interpolation

7.4.3 Interframe Versus Intraview Sample Interpolation

7.4.4 Impact of Quantization on Interpolated S3D Videos

7.5 Anaglyph 3D Generation

7.5.1 H.264 Coding Efficiency for Anaglyph Videos

7.5.2 Delta Analysis

7.5.3 Disparity Vector Generation

References

Homework Problems

8 Video Distribution and Streaming

8.1 Adaptive Video Streaming

8.1.1 Playlists and Bandwidth Estimation

8.1.2 Quality (Bitstream) Switching

8.2 Video Quality and Chunk Efficiency

8.2.1 Video Quality for Different VBR Chunk Durations

8.2.2 VBR Chunk Bit Rate Versus Chunk Duration

8.2.3 VBR Chunk Efficiency Versus Chunk Duration

8.2.4 Capped VBR Chunk Efficiency Versus Chunk Duration

8.2.5 CBR Chunk Efficiency Versus Chunk Duration

8.2.6 Instantaneous and Average Rates for Different Chunk Durations

8.3 Apple HLS

8.3.1 Overview of HLS Operation

8.3.2 GOP Structure

8.3.3 Super and Dynamic Playlists

8.3.4 Media Control

8.4 HLS Over 4G and 802.11

8.4.1 Startup Delay

8.4.2 Switching Quality Levels

8.4.3 One-Level Versus Unfragmented HLS

8.4.4 Multi-Level HLS

8.4.5 Duplicate Video Chunks with Audio

8.4.6 Duplicate Video Chunks

8.4.7 Duplicate Audio Chunks

8.4.8 Duplicate Chunk Suppression

8.4.9 Server-Based Chunk Suppression

8.4.10 Custom App Chunk Suppression

8.5 Impact of Varying Chunk Duration

8.5.1 Impact of Varying Quality Levels

8.5.2 Summary of HLS Performance

8.6 Microsoft Silverlight Smooth Streaming

8.6.1 Overview of MSS Operation

8.6.2 MSS Streaming over 802.11n and 802.16

8.6.3 802.16 MSS Streaming

8.6.4 802.11n MSS Streaming

8.6.5 Comparison of HLS and MSS Streaming

8.7 Traffic Rate Shaping

8.7.1 Impact of Shaping and Scene Complexity on Quality Switching

8.7.2 Impact of Shaping on Quality Switch Delay

8.7.3 Impact of Shaping on Playback Duration

8.7.4 Impact of Shaping on Start of Playback

8.7.5 Impact of Shaping and Scene Complexity on Duplicate Chunks

8.7.6 Impact of Unshaped Traffic on Quality Switching

8.8 Adobe HTTP Dynamic Streaming

8.9 MPEG-DASH (ISO/IEC 23009)

8.9.1 DASH Process

8.9.2 DASH Media Formats

8.9.3 DASH for HTML5

8.9.4 DASH Industry Forum

8.10 Aggregate Adaptive Stream Bandwidth Prediction

8.10.1 Permanence Time

8.10.2 Prediction Model Implementation

8.11 Limitations of Client-Based Adaptive Streaming

8.11.1 Limitations of Fixed-Size Chunks

8.11.2 Server-Based Adaptive Streaming

8.11.3 Linear Broadcast Systems

8.11.4 Adaptive Streaming and Scalable Video Coding

8.12 Tips for Efficient Adaptive Streaming

8.12.1 Quality Levels and Chunk Duration

8.12.2 Encoder Efficiency

8.12.3 Bit Rates of Quality Levels

8.12.4 Server Bandwidth Shaping

8.12.5 Server Bandwidth Estimation

8.12.6 Analyzing Network Congestion

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