Mutable Brain Dynamic and Plastic Features of the Developing and Mature Brain 1st Edition by Jon Kaas ISBN B00SC8G1W8 978-1482284133

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ISBN 10: B00SC8G1W8
ISBN 13: 978-1482284133
Author: Jon Kaas

The extremely labile nature of the nervous system has proved an intriguing area of research for over thirty years. From the earliest stages of neuronal growth during development, both the morphology and strength of neuronal connections within the central nervous system are shaped and modified by experience. While connections between neurons that ar

Mutable Brain Dynamic and Plastic Features of the Developing and Mature Brain 1st  Table of contents:

1 Developmental plasticity in the mammalian visual system

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ASSUMPTIONS AND TECHNICAL LIMITATIONS

2.1. Choice of Species

2.2. Stages of Development and Critical Periods

2.3. Visual System Levels

2.3.1. Technical Considerations

2.5. Linking Assumptions

3. NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

3.1. Early Stages: Activity Independent Developmental Events

3.2. Later Stages: Positional Cues and Activity Dependent Developmental Events

3.3. Summary

4. DEVELOPMENT ALTERED BY SELECTIVE VISUAL DEPRIVATION

4.1. Lid Closure: Central Changes

4.2. Binocular Suture and Dark Rearing

4.3. Lid Closure: Eye Development and Myopia

4.4. Other Manipulations of the Visual Diet

4.5. Proposed Mechanisms

5. DEVELOPMENT ALTERED BY INJURY

5.1. Ennucleation: Effects of Early Eye Loss

5.2. Cortical Lesions

5.3. Subcortical Lesions

6. CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

2 Activity-dependent plasticity of glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the cerebral cortex

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PRINCIPLES OF SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION AND SHORT-TERM PLASTICITY

2.1. Release of Glutamate

2.1.1. Short-term plasticity of glutamate release

2.2. Postsynaptic Response to Glutamate

2.2.1. Glutamate-gated ion channels

2.2.2. G-Protein coupled receptors

2.2.3. Short-term plasticity of glutamate responses

3. LONG-TERM PLASTICITY OF GLUTAMATERGIC SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION

3.1. Long-Term Potentiation in the CA1 Region of Hippocampus

3.1.1. Methodology

3.1.2. LTP induction

3.1.3. LTP expression

3.1.4. LTP maintenance

3.2. Long-Term Depression in the CA1 Region of Hippocampus

3.2.1. LTD induction

3.2.2. LTD expression

3.2.3. LTD maintenance

3.3. Metaplasticity

3.3.1. Inhibition of LTP by prior synaptic stimulation

3.3.2. Facilitation of LTP by prior synaptic stimulation

3.3.3. Evidence for metaplasticity in the visual cortex

3.3.4. Intracellular mechanisms for the sliding threshold

3.3.5. Role of metaplasticity

4. FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LTP AND LTD

4.1. LTP/D in Development and Experience-Dependent Plasticity

4.2. LTP/D in Learning and Memory

5. SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

3 Neural ensemble dynamics and their contributions to short-term plasticity in the somatosensory sys

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SPATIOTEMPORAL RFS AS THE UNDERLYING SUBSTRATE FOR IMMEDIATE SENSORY PLASTICITY

3. CIRCUIT MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE GENESIS OF SPATIOTEMPORAL RFS IN THE RAT SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

4. SHORT-TERM SENSORY PLASTICY IN THE RAT TRIGEMINAL SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

5. BEHAVIORAL MODULATION OF SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSES

6. MOVING FROM SHORT TO LONG-TERM PLASTICITY

7. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO UNDERSTAND THE TIME COURSE OF SENSORY PLASTICITY?

REFERENCES

4 Sensorimotor plasticity in the rodent vibrissa system

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Why Study the Whisker System?

2. SENSORY INNERVATION AND MOTOR CONTROL OF VIBRISSAE

2.1. How Are Whiskers Used?

3. ANATOMICAL PATHWAYS LINKING THE WHISKERS TO THE BRAIN

3.1. Trigeminal Brainstem Nuclear Complex Projections to Thalamus and Cortex

3.2. Cerebellar Efferents

3.3. Efferent Projections of the Barrel Cortex

3.4. Projections from the Vibrissal Region of Motor Cortex

3.5. Facial Nerve System

3.6. Sensory and Motor Convergence

4. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ANATOMY AND RESPONSE PROPERTIES

4.1. Receptive Field Properties in the Vibrissal Pathways

4.1.1. Trigeminal ganglion cells

4.1.2. Trigeminal brainstem complex

4.1.3. Thalamus

4.1.4. Cortex

4.1.5. Other subcortical structures

4.2. Spontaneous Activity

4.3. Latency

4.4. Adaptation Properties of Vibrissa Related Neurons

4.5. Response Duration

4.6. Directional Selectivity

4.7. Microstimulation and Motor Cortical Plasticity

5. PLASTICITY IN THE VIBRISSAL CORTEX: CAN THE WHISKER REPRESENTATION BE MODIFIED BY EXPERIENCE?

6. WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM STUDIES OF AWAKE, BEHAVING ANIMALS?

6.1. Awake Rat S1 Cortex

6.2. Awake Recording in the Vibrissal System of the Rodent

6.3. Multiple Recordings from the Trigeminal Neuraxis in Awake Rodents

7. WHISKING BEHAVIOR: ADVANCES IN CONTROL AND MEASUREMENT

8. DO MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS REFLECT MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS?

9. UNANSWERED QUESTIONS IN THE VIBRISSAL SENSORIMOTOR SYSTEM?

REFERENCES

5 Reorganization of sensory and motor systems in adult mammals after injury

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BRAIN MAPS ARE NORMALLY STABLE

3. REORGANIZATION IN THE SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM

3.1 Normal Organization

3.2 Reorganization of Somatosensory Cortex Due to Sensory Experience

3.3 Reorganization of Somatosensory Cortex after Partial Deafferentation

3.3.1. Digit loss

3.3.2. Section of sensory nerves of the hand

3.3.3. Nerve regeneration

3.3.4. Limb deafferentation

3.3.5. Dorsal column sections

3.3.6. Cortical ablations

3.4 Subcortical Plasticity

4. REORGANIZATION IN THE VISUAL SYSTEM

4.1 Cortical Reorganization after Retinal Lesions

4.2 Reorganization after Cortical Lesions

4.3. Reorganization in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

5. REORGANIZATION IN THE AUDITORY SYSTEM

5.1 Plasticity in Auditory Cortex

5.2 Plasticity in Subcortical Auditory Nuclei

6. MOTOR CORTEX REORGANIZATION

6.1 Plasticity in the Other Sensory Systems

7. MECHANISMS OF PLASTICITY

7.1. Changes in the effectiveness of existing synapses

7.1.1. Dynamic Regulation of Receptive Field Sizes and Properties

7.1.2. Peripheral Afferent Sensitization

7.1.3. Neuromodulation from extrinsic sources

7.1.4. Other Short-term Changes in Synaptic Efficacy

7.1.5. Long-term Potentiation, Long-term Depression, and Hebbian-like Plasticity

7.1.6. Activity based regulation of inhibition

7.1.7. Activity-based regulation of excitation

7.2. Growth of new connections as a mechanism of plasticity

7.2.1. Dendritic growth and modification

7.2.2. Axon growth

7.2.3. Addition of New Neurons

8. FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF PLASTICITY

8.1 Perceptual Learning and Motor Skills

8.2. Recovery from Brain Damage and Sensory Loss

8.3. Focal Dystonias

8.4. Phantom Sensations and Mislocalizations

9. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

6 Crossmodal expansion of cortical maps in early blindness

1. INTRODUCTION

2. AUDITORY COMPENSATION FOR EARLY BLINDNESS

2.1. Animal Studies

2.1.1. Behavioral evidence

2.1.2. Neural changes in visually deprived cats

2.2. Human Studies

2.2.1. Behavioral evidence for auditory compensation in blind humans

2.2.2. Neuroimaging studies in blind humans

2.3. Comparison of Human and Animal Data

3. TACTILE COMPENSATION FOR EARLY BLINDNESS

3.1. Animal Studies

3.1.1. Tactile behavior in visually deprived animals

3.1.2. Tactile compensation in blind animals

3.2. Human Studies of Tactile Compensation

4. CROSSMODAL COMPENSATION IN THE DEAF

5. CONCLUDING REMARKS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

7 Behavioral significance of hippocampal plasticity

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HIPPOCAMPAL INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC CONNECTIVITY

2.1. Intrinsic Hippocampal Connections

2.2. New Anatomy-Connections Between Cortical and Hippocampal Structures

2.3. What Information is Transmitted to Hippocampus from the Cortex?

3. SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN HIPPOCAMPAL CIRCUITS

3.1. Potentiation and Depression in Hippocampal Synaptic Connections

3.2. New Dynamics of Hippocampal Synaptic interactions

3.3. Theta Rhythm and Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity

4. HIPPOCAMPAL FUNCTION AND BEHAVIORAL PRIORITIES

4.1. What is Disrupted by Hippocampal Removal or Damage?

4.2. Is the Hippocampus Part of the Memory Circuit?

5. BEHAVIORAL CORRELATES OF HIPPOCAMPAL CELLULAR ACTIVITY

5.1. Place Fields: Prioritized Encoding of Spacial Features of the Environment

5.1.1. What are place fields?

5.1.2. What information is encoded in place fields?

5.1.3. Factors affecting place cell plasticity

5.1.4. Can place fields be altered by nonspatial factors?

5.1.5. Place cells: some remaining issues

5.1.6. “Navigation” and place fields examined from a behavioral perspective

5.2. Nonspatial Correlates of Hippocampal Cell Firing

5.2.1. Task-relevant factors control hippocampal cell firing

5.2.2. Integration of spatial and task-relevant firing

6. HOW IS INFORMATION ENCODED IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

6.1. Hippocampal Encoding During DNMS Performance

6.2. Nature of Hippocampal Ensemble Codes

6.3. WHAT IS “REPRESENTED” IN THE HIPPOCAMPAL ENSEMBLE CODE

6.4 Delay Firing and Hippocampal Ensemble Activity

6.4. Anatomic Representation of Memory in Hippocampus: What is the Default Code?

7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

NOTES

8 Neural plasticity during vocal learning in birds

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BIRD SONG AND ITS DEVELOPMENT

3. ANATOMY OF THE ADULT SONG SYSTEM

4. JUVENILE PLASTICITY IN THE SONG SYSTEM

4.1. Changes in Nuclear Volume and Neuronal Number

4.2. Changes in Neuronal Connections and Dendritic Spines

4.3 Changes in Neurochemistry

4.4. Changes in Neurophysiology

4.5. Changes in the Behavioral Effects of Brain Lesions

4.6. Causality from Correlation

5. ADULT PLASTICITY IN THE SONG SYSTEM

6. VOCAL LEARNING IN PARROTS

7. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

NOTES

9 Modifiability of neocortical connections and functions

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ROLE OF VISUALLY DRIVEN AND SPONTANEOUS NEURAL ACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PLASTICITY OF CORT

2.1. Development and Plasticity of Thalamocortical Connections and Ocular Dominance Columns

2.1.1. Ocular dominance columns and bands

2.1.2. Role of visual experience

2.1.3. Role of spontaneous neural activity

2.2. Development and Plasticity of Orientation Selectivity and Orientation Maps

2.2.1. Orientation selectivity and maps

2.2.2. Role of visual experience

2.2.3. Role of spontaneous neural activity

2.3. Development and Plasticity of Intrinsic Long-range Horizontal Connections

2.3.1. Development of horizontal connections

2.3.2. Role of spontaneous and visually-guided neural activity

3. ROLE OF PATTERNED AFFERENT ACTIVITY IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CORTICAL CIRCUITS AND FUNCTIONS

3.1. Artificial Strabismus

3.2. Artificial Stimulation of the Optic Nerves

3.3. Cross-modal Plasticity

3.3.1. Activity-dependent sorting of retinothalamic projections and thalamocortical synapses

3.3.2. Orientation selectivity and orientation maps in rewired cortex

3.3.3. Visual behavior mediated by the rewired pathway

4. CONCLUSIONS

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