Measurement of the Thermodynamic Properties of Single Phases 1st Edition by Anthony Goodwin, KN Marsh, WA Wakeham ISBN 978-0444509314 0444509313
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ISBN 10: 0444509313
ISBN 13: 978-0444509314
Author: Anthony Goodwin, KN Marsh, WA Wakeham
Volume II, published in 1975, reflecting the significant technological developments and new methods introduced into the study of measurement of thermodynamic quantities.The editors of this volume were assigned the task of assembling an international team of distinguished experimentalists, to describe the current state of development of the techniques of measurement of the thermodynamic quantities of single phases. The resulting volume admirably fulfils this brief and contains a valuable summary of a large variety of experimental techniques applicable over a wide range of thermodynamic states with an emphasis on the precision and accuracy of the results obtained. Those interested in the art of measurements, and in particular engaged in the measurement of thermodynamic properties, will find this material invaluable for the guidance it provides towards the development of new and more accurate techniques.
· Provides detailed descriptions of experimental chemical thermodynamic methods· Strong practical bias and includes both detailed working equations and figures for the experimental methods· Most comprehensive text in this field since the publication of Experimental Thermodynamics II
Table of contents:
1 Introduction
2 Temperature
2.1 Thermodynamic Origin of Temperature
2.2 International Temperature Scales
2.3 Realising the Unit
2.3.1 Water for Triple-Point Cells
2.3.2 Use of the Water Triple-Point Cell
2.3.3 The Ice Point
2.4 Fixed Points
2.4.1 Metal Freezing Points and Melting Points
2.4.2 The Gas Triple Points
2.4.3 Other Fixed Points
2.5 Platinum Resistance Thermometry
2.5.1 ITS-90 Reference Functions
2.5.2 ITS-90 Deviation Functions
2.5.3 Resistance Measurements
2.6 Radiation Thermometry
2.6.1 Radiation Temperature Scale
2.7 Cryogenic Thermometry
2.7.1 Vapour Pressure Thermometers
2.7.2 Gas Thermometers
2.7.3 Electrical Thermometers
2.8 ITS-90 and the Thermodynamic Scale
2.9 Temperatures below 1 K
2.10 Temperatures above 2000 K
2.11 Special Thermocouples
3 Pressure
3.1 Electronic Pressure Gauges
3.1.1 Physical Principle of Resistive Strain Gauge Pressure Transducers
3.1.2 Silicon Piezoresistive Micromachined Pressure Transducers
3.1.3 Resonant Pressure Sensors Based on Mechanical Vibrations
3.1.4 Pressure Sensors Based on Capacitance
3.1.5 Silicon Capacitive Pressure Transducers
3.1.6 Performances of Piezoresistive and Capacitive Pressure Sensors
3.1.7 Scaling Limits in Pressure Transducers
3.2 Piston Gauges
3.2.1 Advances in Piston Gauge Manufacturing Technology
3.2.2 Characterization Techniques
3.2.3 Practical Developments in Piston Gauges
3.3 Pressure Measurements in a Diamond Anvil Cell
3.3.1 X-rays
3.3.2 Optical Techniques
3.4 Low Pressure
3.4.1 Interferometric Liquid-Column Manometers
3.4.2 Piston Gauges
3.4.3 Static Expansion Pressure Generators
3.4.4 Pressure Transducers
4 Mixture Preparation and Sampling Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids
4.1 Preparation of Fluid Mixtures
4.1.1 Apparatus
4.1.2 Purity Considerations
4.1.3 Preparation of Gas Mixtures
4.1.4 Preparation of Liquid Mixtures
4.2 Sampling Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids
4.2.1 Hydrocarbon Reservoir Fluids and Formations
4.2.2 Reservoir Fluid Sampling
4.2.3 Advances in Sampling Techniques
5 Density
5.1 Hydrostatic Balance Densimeters with Magnetic Suspension Couplings
5.1.1 Three Main Types of Buoyancy Densimeters
5.1.2 Two-Sinker Densimeter
5.1.3 Single-Sinker Densimeter
5.2 Measurement of Density with Vibrating Bodies
5.2.1 Vibrating-Wire Densimeters
5.2.2 Vibrating-Tube Densimeters
5.3 Bellows Volumetry
5.3.1 Theory
5.3.2 Experimental
5.4 Piezometer
5.4.1 Fixed Volume Devices
5.4.2 Variable Volume Devices
5.4.3 Expansion Devices
5.5 Isochoric Methods
5.5.1 Principles
5.5.2 Experimental
5.5.3 Coupled Isochoric and Burnett Methods
5.6 Absolute Density Standards
5.6.1 Definition of the Absolute Density in SI Units
5.6.2 Absolute Density Measurements of Solids
5.6.3 Method of Density Comparison
5.6.4 Absolute Density Measurements of Standard Liquids
5.7 In Situ Density Measurements
5.7.1 Terminology
5.7.2 In situ Densimeters
5.7.3 Applications
6 Speed of Sound
6.1 Measurement of the Speed of Sound
6.1.1 Gases
6.1.2 Liquids
6.1.3 Solids
6.1.4 Transducers
6.2 Thermodynamic Properties from the Speed of Sound
6.2.1 Gases
6.2.2 Liquids
6.2.3 Solids
7 Calorimetry
7.1 Flow Calorimetry
7.1.1 Plug-in Gas Flow Calorimeters
7.1.2 Enthalpy-Increment Calorimeters
7.1.3 Measurements in the Vicinity of the Liquid-Gas Critical Temperature
7.1.4 Enthalpy of Solution of Carbon Dioxide in Alkanolamines
7.2 AC Calorimetry
7.2.1 Principle of the ac Calorimeter
7.2.2 Conditions for Heat Capacity Measurement
7.2.3 Joule-Heating ac Calorimeters
7.2.4 Light-Irradiation ac Calorimeters
7.2.5 AC Calorimetric Methods for Liquids
7.2.6 Heat Capacity Spectroscopy
7.2.7 Temperature-modulated Calorimetry
7.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
7.3.1 Power-Compensated DSC
7.3.2 Heat Flux DSC
7.3.3 Adiabatic DSC
7.3.4 Single Cell DSC
7.3.5 Temperature Modulated DSC
7.3.6 Specialised DSC
7.3.7 Determination of Physical Properties with DSC
7.4 Nano-Calorimetry
7.4.1 Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
7.4.2 Nanocalorimeters as Sensors
7.4.3 Nanocalorimeters for Material Properties Determination
8 Properties of Mixing
8.1 Properties of Gas Mixtures
8.1.1 Equation of State of Gases at Low and Moderate Densities. Virial Equation of State
8.1.2 Experimental Methods
8.1.3 (p, p, 7) Data Reduction
8.1.4 Bibliography of Experimental Measurements on Mixtures
8.2 Mixtures of Liquids
8.3 Experimental Techniques for the Determination of Energetic Properties of Inorganic Solids
8.3.1 Calorimetric Methods
8.3.2 Electrochemical Methods
8.3.3 Vapour Pressure Methods
8.3.4 Some Words on Measurement Uncertainty
9 Relative Permittivity and Refractive Index
9.1 Relative Permittivity
9.1.1 Conductivity and Dielectric Losses
9.1.2 Bridge Methods and Resonance Methods.
9.1.3 Designs for Capacitors
9.1.4 Measurements
9.1.5 Concluding Remarks
9.2 Refractive Index
9.3 Relative Permittivities of Electrolytes
9.3.1 Fundamental Aspects of Dielectric Theory 9.3.2 Coaxial-line Techniques (f<20 GHz)
9.3.3 Waveguide Methods (5≤//GHz ≤100)
9.3.4 Free-Space Methods (f>60 GHz)
9.3.5 Data Analysis
10 Extreme Conditions
10.1 Low Temperatures
10.1.1 Adiabatic Calorimeter as an Ultra-Low-Frequency Spectrometer
10.1.2 Calorimetry at Very Low Temperatures
10.2 High Temperatures
10.2.1 Resistive Pulse Heating
10.2.2 Laser Pulse Heating
10.2.3 Levitation Techniques
10.2.4 Electromagnetic Levitation
10.2.5 Future Directions
10.3 Molten Metals
10.3.1 Containers
10.3.2 Pyrometry
10.3.3 Calorimetry
10.3.4 Thermal Expansion and Density
10.3.5 Surface Tension
Index
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Tags: Anthony Goodwin, KN Marsh, WA Wakeham, the Thermodynamic, Single Phases