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LEDs for Lighting Applications 1st Edition by Patrick Mottier ISBN 978-1848211452 1848211452

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LEDs for Lighting Applications 1st Edition Patrick Mottier Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Patrick Mottier
ISBN(s): 9781848211452, 1848211457
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.86 MB
Year: 2009
Language: english
SKU: EB-2453680 Category: Tag:

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ISBN 10:   1848211452

ISBN 13: 978-1848211452

Author: Patrick Mottier

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are no longer confined to use in commercial signage and have now moved firmly, and with unquestioned advantages, into the field of commercial and domestic lighting. This development was prompted in the late 1980s by the invention of the blue LED, a wavelength that had previously been missing from the available LED spectrum and which opened the way to providing white light. Since that point, LED performance (including energy efficiency) has improved dramatically, and now compares with the performance of fluorescent lights – and there remain further performance improvements yet to be delivered.
The book begins with the principles of LED lighting, then focuses on issues and challenges. Chapters are devoted to key steps in LED manufacturing: substrate, epitaxy, process and packaging. Photoelectric characterization of LEDs, Lighting with LEDs and the imposition of a certain level of color quality, are the subject of later chapters, and finally there is a detailed discussion of the emergence of OLEDs, or organic LEDs, which have specific capabilities of immediate interest and importance in this field.

Table of contents: 

Chapter 1: Light-Emitting Diodes – Principles and Challenges

  • History of a Revolution in the World of the Light Sources

  • LEDs and Lighting

  • Principle of Operation, Color, Efficiency, Lifetime and Quality of LEDs

    • White Light Production from LEDs: Principles and Challenges

    • Lifetime

    • Quality of LEDs

  • Challenges Facing LEDs

  • Bibliography

Chapter 2: Substrates for III-Nitride-based Electroluminescent Diodes

  • Introduction

  • Crystal Structure and Epitaxial Relation with 6H-SiC and Al₂O₃

  • Defects and Constraints Due to Heteroepitaxy

    • Dislocations

    • Disorientation of the Substrate

    • Epitaxial Stress

    • Thermal Stress

  • MOVPE Growth of GaN on Sapphire

    • GaN Growth

    • Standard 2D Epitaxy

    • 3D Epitaxial Growth

    • Epitaxial Lateral Overgrow (ELO 1S)

    • Anisotropic Growth

    • Two Stage ELO GaN Growth (ELO 2S)

    • GaN Growth Using Pendeo-epitaxy

    • Nano Epitaxy

  • Bulk Nitride Substrates

    • HNPS (High Nitrogen Pressure Solution Method)

    • Ammonothermal Synthesis of GaN

    • Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy (HVPE) of GaN

  • Conclusion

  • Bibliography

Chapter 3: III-Nitride High-Brightness Light-Emitting Diodes

  • Introduction

  • p-n Junction in GaN

  • Active Region: InGaN/GaN Quantum Well

    • Growth and Structure

    • Optical Properties

  • Radiative Efficiency

  • Conclusion and Prospects

  • Bibliography

Chapter 4: Diode Processing

  • Introduction

  • Orders of Magnitude

  • Diode Configurations

    • Conventional Chip (CC)

    • Flip Chip (FC)

    • Vertical Thin Film (VTF)

    • Thin Film Flip Chip (TFFC)

  • Light Extraction at Wafer Level

  • Diode Processing, Etching, Contact Deposition

    • N-type Contacts

    • P-type Contacts

  • Etching

  • Substrate Removal

  • Potential Evolutions

  • Bibliography

Chapter 5: Packaging

  • Introduction

  • Different Packaging Processes

    • Historical Background

    • From the Wafer to the Chip

    • Components with Connection Pins

    • SMT Leadform Components

    • SMT “Leadless” Components

    • Other Technologies

    • Conclusion

  • Thermal Management

    • Motivations

    • Heat Dissipation Modes

    • Thermal Dissipation in LEDs

    • Comparison of Different Packaging Processes

    • Conclusion

  • Light Extraction in LEDs

    • Lateral Light Extraction

    • Vertical Light Extraction Through a Lens

    • Lens/Encapsulant Materials

    • Lenses and Encapsulant Implementation

  • LED Component Characteristics

    • Thermal and Electrical Characteristics

    • Optical Characteristics

    • Binning

    • Reliability

  • Conclusion and Trends

  • Appendix: Physical Properties of Materials

  • Bibliography

Chapter 6: Photoelectric Characterization of Electroluminescent Photodiodes

  • Photometry of LEDs

    • Recap of Fundamental Knowledge

    • Parameters of Interest

    • Required Properties of Photometers/Radiometers

    • Measurement of Luminous Intensity

    • Measurement of Luminous Flux

    • Spectral Measurements

  • Electrical Characteristics of LEDs

    • Forward Voltage

    • Temperature Effect

    • Operating Conditions for Photometric Measurements

    • Standard of Normalization

  • Bibliography

Chapter 7: Quality of White Light from LEDs

  • Introduction: White Light and Visual Quality

    • White Light

    • Quality of Light

    • Human Visual Function

    • Chapter Presentation

  • Notions of Colorimetry and Photometry

    • Colorimetry

    • Photometric Quantities

  • Obtaining White Light with LEDs

    • Short Wavelength Emission

    • UV Diode

    • RGB Combination

    • Spectrum Optimization

    • Color Normalization

  • Color Rendering of Sources

    • CRI of the CIE

    • Calculation Details

    • Observer’s Judgment

  • Works on Quality of Light from LEDs

    • Models

    • Color Simulations

    • Experimental Validations

    • Complexity of Visual Judgment

  • Applications of LEDs to Lighting

  • Conclusion: Advantages, Precautions and Perspectives

  • Acknowledgements

  • Bibliography

Chapter 8: OLED Technology

  • Introduction

    • Organic Materials: A History

    • First OLED Device

  • Electroluminescent Diodes

    • Organic Semiconductor Categories

    • Deposition Technique Description

  • Organic Semiconductors: Theory

    • Introduction to Semiconductivity in Organic Chemistry

    • Electronic Transport Model

  • OLED Electrical Characteristics

    • Charge Carrier Injection Models

    • Charge Carrier Transport Models

  • Different Structure Types of OLEDs

    • Direct and Inverted Diodes

    • Substrate vs Top Surface Emitting Diodes

    • Heterojunction and Band Engineering

    • Light Extraction

    • Fluorescence vs Phosphorescence

  • OLED Lighting Architectures

    • Single Emitting Layer

    • Double Emitting Layer

    • Multi-Emitting Layer Structures

    • Stacked and Tandem OLEDs

    • Down Conversion Converters

  • OLED Stability and Lifetime: Encapsulation

  • OLEDs for Lighting

  • Bibliography

List of Authors

Index

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Tags: Patrick Mottier, LEDs for Lighting