Klystrons Traveling Wave Tubes Magnetrons Cross Field Ampliers and Gyrotrons 1st Edition by A S Gilmour ISBN 978-1608071845 1608071847
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 1608071847
ISBN 13: 978-1608071845
Author: A S Gilmour
Microwave tubes are vacuum electron devices used for the generation and amplification of radio frequencies in the microwave range. An established technology area, the use of tubes remains essential in the field today for high-power applications. The culmination of the author’s 50 years of industry experience, this authoritative resource offers you a thorough understanding of the operations and major classes of microwave tubes. Minimizing the use of advanced mathematics, the book places emphasis on clear qualitative explanations of phenomena. This practical reference serves as an excellent introduction for newcomers to the field and offers established tube engineers a comprehensive refresher. Professionals find coverage of all major tube classifications, including klystrons, traveling wave tubes (TWTs), magnetrons, cross field amplifiers, and gyrotrons.
Table of contents:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Microwave Spectrum
1.2 The Domain of Microwave Tubes
1.3 Classical Microwave Tube Types
1.4 Overview of This Book
References
CHAPTER 2 STATIC FIELDS PRODUCED BY ELECTRONS
2.1 Electric Field
2.2 Magnetic Field
CHAPTER 3 ELECTRON MOTION IN STATIC ELECTRIC FIELDS
3.1 Motion Parallel to Field
3.2 Relativistic Velocity Corrections
3.3 Electric Lenses
3.4 Universal Beam Spread Curve
CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON ELECTRON MOTION
4.1 Electron Motion in a Static Magnetic Field
4.2 Electron Motion in Combined Electric and Magnetic Fields
4.2.1 Perpendicular Fields in Rectangular Coordinates
4.2.2 Axially Symmetric Fields
CHAPTER 5 THERMIONIC CATHODES
5.1 Emission Mechanisms
5.1.1 Thermionic Emission
5.1.2 Schottky Effect
5.1.3 Field Emission
5.1.4 Space Charge Limitation
5.2 Evolution of Thermionic Cathodes
5.3 Impregnated Dispenser Cathodes
5.3.1 Fabrication
5.3.2 Operation
5.3.3 MiramCurves
5.3.4 Work Function Distribution
5.4 Life Considerations
5.4.1 Grant and Falce Life Prediction Model
5.4.2 Longo Life Prediction Model
5.5 Dispenser Cathode Surface Physics
5.6 Heaters
5.6.1 Conventional Heater Assemblies
5.6.2 Fast Warm-Up Heaters
5.6.3 Heater Testing
5.6.4 Effect of Filament Magnetic Field
References
CHAPTER 6 ELECTRON GUNS
6.1 Pierce Guns
6.1.1 Focus Electrodes for Parallel Flow
6.1.2 Focus Electrodes for Convergent Flow
6.1.3 Defocusing Effect of Anode Aperture
6.1.4 Formation of Minimum Beam Diameter
6.1.5 Thermal Velocity Effects
6.1.6 Effects of Patchy Emission and Cathode Roughness
6.2 Beam Control Techniques
6.2.1 Cathode Pulsing
6.2.2 Control Focus Electrodes
6.2.3 Modulating Anode
6.2.4 Grids
6.2.5 Summary of Beam Control Electrode Characteristics
References
CHAPTER 7 ELECTRON BEAMS
7.1 Overview of Uniform-Field Focusing
7.1.1 Brillouin Flow
7.1.2 Scalloping
7.1.3 Confined (Immersed) Flow
7.2 Uniform-Field Focusing and Laminar Flow
7.2.1 The Beam Equation
7.2.2 Brillouin Flow
7.2.3 Confined (Immersed) Flow
7.3 Uniform-Field Focusing and Nonlaminar Flow
7.4 Focusing with Permanent Magnets
7.4.1 Overview
7.4.2 Laminar Flow, No Cathode Flux
7.4.3 Laminar Flow with Cathode Flux
7.4.4 Nonlaminar Flow
7.5 lon Effects in Electron Beams
7.5.1 Examples of lon Effects
7.5.2 Gas Sources
7.5.3 Ionization
7.5.4 Potential Depression in an Electron Beam
7.5.5 Steady State Effects of lonization
7.5.6 Low-Frequency Instabilities
7.5.7 High-Frequency Instabilities
References
CHAPTER 8 BEAM-GAP INTERACTIONS
8.1 Beam Modulation
8.1.1 Gridded (Planar) Gaps
8.1.2 Gridless (Nonplanar) Gaps
8.2 Current Induction
8.2.1 Gridded (Planar) Gaps
8.2.2 Gridless (Nonplanar) Gaps
8.3 Beam Loading
References
CHAPTER 9 ELECTRON BUNCHING PRODUCED BY A GAP
9.1 Ballistic Bunching
9.2 Bunching with Space Charge Forces
9.3 Large Signal Levels
References
CHAPTER 10 BASIC KLYSTRONS AND THEIR OPERATION
10.1 The Invention and Basic Operation of the Klystron
102 Klystron Cavities
102.1 Cavity Operation
102.2 Power Coupling
10.2.3 Tuners
102.4 Equivalent Circuits and Circuit Parameters
102.5 RF Cavity Losses
10.3 Small Signal Operation
10.3.1 Load Representation
1032 Gain Calculation
10.4 Power Output Characteristics
104.1 Turing of Conventional Klystrons
10.4.2 Transfer Characteristics
References
CHAPTER 11 SPECIAL-PURPOSE KLYSTRONS
11.1 High-Efficiency Klystrons
112 High-Power Klystrons
112.1 Limits on Beam Voltage
11.2.2 Limits on Beam Current
11.2.3 Estimate of Obtainable Power
11.3 Broadband Klystrons
113.1 Driver Sections
11.3.2 Output Sections
114 Multiple Beam Klystrons
11.5 Extended Interaction Klystrons
116 Reflex Klystrons
References
CHAPTER 12 TRAVELING WAVE TUBES
12.1 Introduction
121.1 Early History of the TWT
121.2 Basic Operation of the TWT
12.2 Traveling Wave Interaction
12.2.1 RF Current in a Beam
122.2 Circuit Equation
12.2.3 The Determinantal Equation
12.2.4 Synchronous Operation
12.2.5 Nonsynchronous Operation
12.2.6 Effect of Circuit Loss
122.7 Effect of Space Charge
123 High-Level Interaction
123.1 Discussion of Interactions
123.2 Estimates of Maximum Efficiency
12.3.3 Comment on Computer Modeling
123.4 Velocity Tapering
References
CHAPTER 13 WAVE VELOCITIES AND DISPERSION
13.1 Group and Phase Velocity
13.2 Dispersion
132.1 Coaxial Transmission Line
Contents
13.2.2 Rectangular Waveguide
132.3 Periodically Loaded Waveguide
CHAPTER 14 HELIX TWITS
14.1 Bandwidth
141.1 Dispersion
141.2 Dispersion Control
14.2 Gain
142.1 Transitions
14.2.2 Attenuators and Severs
14.3 Power
14.3.1 Peak Power
14.3.2 Average Power
144 Efficiency
14.5 Dual-Mode Operation
14.6 Microwave Power Modules
147 Ring Bar and Ring Loop TWTS
References
CHAPTER 15 COUPLED-CAVITY TWTS
15.1 Basic Operating Principles
15.2 Coupled-Cavity Structures
15.2.1 Waveguide Approach
152.2 Curnow-Gittins Equivalent Circuit Approach
152.3 Example of an Application of the Curnow-Gittins Circuit
15.3 Fundamental Backward Wave Operation
15.4 Fundamental Forward Wave Operation
15.5 Terminations and Transitions
References
CHAPTER 16 COLLECTORS
16.1 Power Dissipation
16.2 Power Recovery
162.1 Power Flow
16.2.2 Power Recovery with a Depressed Collector
162.3 Electron Energy Distribution
16.2.4 Spent Beam Power
162.5 Effect of Body Current
162.6 Multistage Depressed Collectors
16.2.7 Secondary Electrons in Depressed Collectors
163 Collector Cooling
163.1 Conduction Cooling
163.2 Convection Cooling
16.3.3 Forced-Air Cooling
16.3.4 Forced-Flow Liquid Cooling
163.5 Vapor Phase Cooling
163.6 Radiation Cooling
References
CHAPTER 17 CROSSED-FIELD TUBES
17.1 Basic Configuration of Crossed-Field Tubes
17.2 Electron Flow with No RF Fields
Reference
CHAPTER 18 CATHODES FOR CROSSED-FIELD TUBES
181 Introduction
182 Characteristics of Secondary Emission
182.1 Energy of Impacting Primary Electrons
182.2 Angle of Incidence of Primary Electrons
182.3 Secondary Emitting Properties of Surfaces
182.4 Energy Distribution of Secondary Electrons
182.5 Modeling of Secondary Emission Characteristics
183 Operation of Cathodes in Crossed-Field Devices
References
CHAPTER 19 MICROWAVES
19.1 Types of Microwaves
19.1.1 Cydotron-Frequency Magnetrons
19.1.2 Negative-Resistance Magnetrons
19.1.3 Traveling Wave Magnetrons
19.2 Operation of the Traveling Wave Magnetron
19.2.1 Hub Formation
19.2.2 The Hartree Voltage
19.2.3 Spoke Formation
192.4 RF Circuit Operation
19.3 In the root
19.4 Coaxial Magnetrons
19.5 Inverted Magnetrons
19.6 Magnetron Tuning
19.7 Output Couplers and Transformers
19.8 Cathode and Heater Operation
19.9 Performance
199.1 Voltage-Current Characteristic
19.9.2 Frequency Pushing
Contents
19.9.3 Frequency Pulling
19.9.4 Thermal Drift
19.10 Applications of Magnetrons
19.10.1 Conventional Magnetrons
19.10.2 Frequency Agile Magnetrons
19.10.3 Signal Injected Magnetrons
19.10.4 Beacon Magnetrons
19.10.5 Microwave Oven Microwaves
19.10.6 Industrial Heating Microwaves
19.10.7 Low-Noise Magnetrons
19.10.8 Relativistic Magnetrons
19.11 Summary of Power Capabilities
References
CHAPTER 20 CROSSED-FIELD AMPLIFIERS
20.1 Introduction
201.1 Injected-BeamCFAs
20.1.2 Distributed Emission CFAS
20.2 CFA Operation
202.1 Electron Emission and Hub Formation
20.2.2 Spoke Formation and Growth
20.3 CFA Slow Wave Circuits
20.4 CFA Performance
20.4.1 Forward Wave CFAS
20.4.2 Backward Wave CFAS
20.4.3 DC Operation
20.4.4 Gain and Operating Limits
204.5 CFA Phase Characteristics
20.4.6 Weight and Size Considerations
20.5 Power Capabilities
20.6 Thermal Considerations
20.7 CFA Power Supply Considerations
20.7.1 DC-Operated Supplies
20.7.2 Cathode Pulsing Supplies
References
CHAPTER 21 GYROTRONS
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Basic Interaction Mechanism
21.3 MIG Configuration and Requirements
213.1 MIG Configurations
213.2 First-Order Design Procedure
213.3 MIG Performance
21.4 Beam-Wave Interaction
214.1 Hollow Cavities
214.2 Coaxial Cavities
21.4.3 Mode Converters
21.4.4 Harmonic Operation
214.5 Collectors
215 Gyro-Monotrons (Oscillators)
215.1 RF Output Coupling
21.5.2 Second-Harmonic Gyrotrons
215.3 Permanent Magnet Gyrotrons
21.6 Gyro-Amplifiers
216.1 Gyro-Klystrons
216.2 Gyro-Twystrons
216.3 Gyro-TWTS
21.7 Terahertz Gyrotrons
References
CHAPTER 22 WINDOWS
22.1 Background
22.2 Coaxial Windows
22.3 Waveguide Windows
22.4 Scaling of Windows
References
CHAPTER 23 NOISE
23.1 Thermal Agitation Noise
232 Definitions of Noise Figure
23.3 Overview of Noise Phenomena
23.4 Noise in Electron Guns
23.5 Noise Generation at the Cathode
23.5.1 Shot Noise
235.2 Velocity Noise
23.5.3 Other Noise Generation Mechanisms
23.6 The Space Charge Minimum Region
23.6.1 Rack Noise Invariance
23.6.2 Shot Noise Reduction
23.6.3 Other Noise Effects
23.7 Low-Velocity Correlation Region
238 High-Voltage Acceleration Region
23.8.1 Noise Space Charge Waves
238.2 Impedance Transformation for Low-Noise Tubes
Contents
238.3 Lens Effects
23.9 RF Section Noise Phenomena
239.1 Circuit Loss
239.2 Partition Noise
23.9.3 Secondary Electron Interactions
239.4 Noise Growth
23.9.5 Magnetic Noise Suppression
23.10 Other Noise Sources
2311 MinimumNoise Figure of a TWT
References
CHAPTER 24 NONLINEARITIES AND DISTORTION
24.1 Distortion Resulting from Saturation Effects
24.1.1 AM/AM Conversion
24.1.2 AM/PM Conversion
24.1.3 Harmonic Generation
24.1.4 Intermodulation Products
24.2 Digital Communications
242.1 QPSK and 16QAM
242.2 Data Characteristics
242.3 Amplifier Design to Reduce Distortion
24.3 Signal Capturing
24.4 Variations with Frequency
24.4.1 Broadband Gain Variations
244.2 Narrowband Gain Variations
244.3 Phase Nonlinearities or Time Delay Distortion
24.5 Pushing and Pulling
245.1 Amplitude Pushing
24.5.2 Phase Pushing
245.3 Pulling
References
CHAPTER 25 BREAKDOWN AND PROTECTION
25.1 Field Enhancement
25.2 DC Breakdown in Vacuum
25.2.1 Electrode Phenomena Leading to Breakdown
25.2.2 Avoiding Breakdown
25.2.3 VacuumArcs
25.3 DC Breakdown on Insulator Surfaces
25.4 RF Breakdown in Vacuum
25.4.1 Two-Surface Multi pactor with No Magnetic Field
25.4.2 Two-Surface Multi pactor in Combined Fields
25.4.3 Single-Surface Multipactor with No Magnetic Field
25.4.4 Single-Surface Multipactor in Combined Fields
25.5 RF Breakdown of Insulators
25.6 DC Breakdown in Gas
25.7 RF Breakdown in Gas
25.8 Fault Detection and Tube Protection
25.8.1 Excess Body Current
25.8.2 Excess Reflected RF Power
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Tags: A S Gilmour, Klystrons Traveling, Wave Tubes, Cross Field