Investigate Everything Federal Efforts to Ensure Black Loyalty During World War I 1st Edition by Theodore Kornweibel Jr ISBN 0253340098 9780253340092

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ISBN 10: 0253340098 
ISBN 13: 9780253340092
Author: Theodore Kornweibel Jr

“Investigate Everything: Federal Efforts to Ensure Black Loyalty During World War I” by Theodore Kornweibel Jr. (First Edition, 2002, Indiana University Press) explores the unprecedented and pervasive federal surveillance of African Americans during World War I. The book details how various government agencies, including the Bureau of Investigation (forerunner to the FBI), Military Intelligence, and the Post Office, initiated widespread investigations to monitor and control Black communities, driven by unfounded fears of disloyalty and German-inspired subversion.

Kornweibel’s work reveals the systematic efforts to suppress Black dissent, particularly targeting influential newspapers like the Chicago Defender, civil rights organizations such as the NAACP and its magazine The Crisis, and even religious groups like the Church of God in Christ. The book exposes how the government utilized wartime legislation, draft enforcement, and even fabricated charges to silence critics and enforce a narrow definition of “loyalty.”

Ultimately, “Investigate Everything” highlights the racially biased nature of these federal intelligence operations and their lasting impact on civil liberties, laying the groundwork for future government surveillance programs against African Americans, notably during the Red Scare.

Investigate Everything Federal Efforts to Ensure Black Loyalty During World War I 1st Table of contents:

1. “It became necessary to investigate everything”: The Birth of Modern Political Intelligence

• The origins of federal surveillance
• Key agencies involved: Bureau of Investigation, Military Intelligence Division, Post Office, State Department
• The expansion of intelligence operations during wartime
• The targeting of dissent

2. “Very full of the anti-war spirit”: Fears of Enemy Subversion during World War I

• Perceived threats of German propaganda among African Americans
• The limited reality of actual enemy subversion
• Punitive measures under wartime legislation
• The extent of Black disaffection with the war

3. “Slackers, Delinquents, and Deserters”: African Americans and Draft Enforcement during World War I

• African American experiences with conscription
• Higher rates of draft evasion among Black men
• Bureau of Investigation’s role in apprehending and punishing evaders
• Racial biases in draft enforcement

4. “The most dangerous of all Negro journals”: Federal Efforts to Silence the Chicago Defender

• The Chicago Defender‘s influence and reach
• Government scrutiny and attempts at suppression
• The challenges faced by Black editors and newspapers
• Self-censorship and its impact

5. “Every word is loaded with sedition”: The Crisis and the NAACP under Suspicion

• The Crisis magazine and the NAACP’s advocacy
• Federal surveillance and intimidation of civil rights organizations
• The precarious balance between protest and perceived disloyalty
• How the NAACP navigated federal pressure

6. “I thank my God for the persecution”: The Church of God in Christ under Attack

• The pacifist stance of the Church of God in Christ
• Federal investigations and indictments of its leadership
• The struggle for religious freedom during wartime
• The impact of government harassment on the denomination

7. “Rabid and inflammatory”: Further Attacks on the Pen and Pulpit

• Broader suppression of Black voices
• Targeting of other Black newspapers, magazines, and religious leaders
• The use of various tactics to silence dissent
• The chilling effect on freedom of expression

8. “Spreading enemy propaganda”: Alien Enemies, Spies, and Subversives

• The conflation of Black dissent with “enemy alien” activities
• Investigations into alleged spies and subversives within Black communities
• The rarity of genuine enemy agents and the overreach of federal actions
• The use of fabricated charges when actual evidence was lacking

9. “Perhaps you will be shot”: Sex, Spies, Science, and the Moens Case

• A notorious case illustrating federal overreach and harassment
• The use of personal lives and manufactured charges
• The prolonged persecution of individuals deemed disloyal
• The lack of due process in certain investigations

10. “Negro Subversion”: Army Intelligence Investigations during World War I

• The military’s role in monitoring Black loyalty
• Internal surveillance within Black military units
• Efforts to improve Black morale as a counter-subversion strategy
• The limited effectiveness of these measures

Epilogue: “The Negro is ‘seeing red'”: From the World War into the Red Scare

• The continuity of surveillance and repression after the war
• The groundwork laid for the postwar Red Scare against Black militancy
• The lasting legacy of federal efforts to control Black dissent
• Connections to Kornweibel’s later work, “Seeing Red”

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Tags: Theodore Kornweibel Jr, Investigate, Federal