Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events 1st Edition by Centers of Disease Control ISBN 978-9289002585 9289002581

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Product details: 

ISBN 10: 9289002581

ISBN 13: 978-9289002585

Author: Centers of Disease Control

Extreme weather events, including floods and droughts, are increasing in frequency and intensity. They affect the operation of water-supply, drainage and sewerage infrastructure, and the functioning of wastewater treatment plants, thereby affecting the protection of public health. Parties to the Protocol on Water and Health reviewed experience and good practice in Europe through a broad consultative process, to devise the present guidance.

This publication describes how adaptation policies should consider the new risks from extreme weather events, how vulnerabilities can be identified and which management procedures can be applied to ensure sustained protection of health. It takes an integrated environment-and-health approach and addresses cross-cutting issues, such as the role of the health and environment sectors in extreme weather, the need for policy dialogue and multisectoral partnership to assess and control risks, and the challenges of different settings (such as urban and rural, small and centralized large-scale supplies).

The publication is aimed at a broad audience, including policy-makers; environment, health and water-resources professionals; and water service managers.

Table of contents: 

• Foreword

• Preface

• Acknowledgements

• Tables, Figures, Case Studies and Pictures

• Acronyms and Abbreviations

• Glossary of Technical Terms

• Executive Summary

1. Extreme Weather Events and Water Supply and Sanitation in the European Region

• Key Messages

• Introduction

• Extreme Weather Events: Facts and Trends

• Extremes Are Not Only Defined by Direct Damage

• Extremes and Water Supply Sanitation: Old Problems, New Risks and Challenges

• Conclusions

2. Basic Disaster Preparedness and Early Warning

• Key Messages

• Introduction

• Information Needs: From Risk Assessment to Risk Reduction

• Integration of Information Needs

• Post-Event Assessment of Environmental and Socioeconomic Damage

• Monitoring and Forecasting

• Tools for Disaster Preparedness Planning

• Hydrological Forecasting Tools

• Early-Warning Systems

• Management Tools

• Hazard Proofing

• Role of the Health System in Disaster Preparedness and Early Warning

• Conclusion

3. Communication in Extreme Weather Events

• Key Messages

• Introduction: Importance of a Communication Strategy

• Communication Activities

• Partnership in Communication

• Monitoring and Evaluation of the Outcomes

• Conclusions

4. Vulnerability of Coastal Areas and Bathing Waters in Extreme Weather Events

• Key Messages

• Vulnerability of Inland Bathing Waters

• Saline Water Intrusion in Aquifers Used for the Production of Drinking Water

• Consequences of Extreme Weather Events for Bathing-Water Quality

• Water Quality Changes Caused by Extreme Weather

• Stormy Rainfalls

• Global Warming

• Droughts and Water Scarcity

• Elements of Mitigation Measures for Bathing Waters

  • Joint Information Systems and Exchange of Information

  • Prevention of Stormwater Overflow at Sewage Treatment Plants

  • Prevention of Erosion and Diffuse Pollution by Appropriate Land-Use Techniques

  • Monitoring During Extreme Weather Events and Risk Assessment

  • Public Awareness and Information

5. Impacts of Climate Change and Extreme Events on Waterborne Diseases and Human Health

• Key Messages

• Lower Rainfall and Drought

• Heat Waves

• Higher Water Temperatures

• Cold Spells

• Higher Rainfall, More Intense Rainfall and Floods

• Changes in Ecosystems

• Changes in Seasonality

• Changes in Human Behaviour

• Sea Level Rise (SLR)

• Climate Change and Diarrhoeal Diseases

• Some Specific Examples of Climate Change and Waterborne Diseases

6. Water Safety Plans: An Approach to Managing Risks Associated with Extreme Weather Events

• Key Messages

• Elements of a WSP

  • WSP Team Creation and Preparatory Activities

  • Description of the Water Supply System

  • Identification of Hazards and Assessment of Risks

  • Determination and Validation of Control Measures and Reassessment and Prioritization of Risks

  • Development, Implementation and Maintenance of an Improvement Plan

  • Monitoring Control Measures

  • Verification of the Effectiveness of the WSP

  • Preparation of Management Procedures and Supporting Programmes

  • Periodic Review

  • Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

• The Special Case of Small-Scale Water Supply Systems

  • Importance of Small-Scale Water Supply

  • Challenges in Small-Scale Water Supplies

  • WSPs and Small-Scale Water Supplies

• Water Safety and Bulk Transport of Water in Extreme Weather Conditions

  • Water Supply by Tanker During Drought Conditions

  • Elements of Technical Guidance for Bulk Drinking-Water Transport Under Drought Conditions

• General WSP Checklist

7. Adaptation Measures for Water Supply Utilities in Extreme Weather Events

• Key Messages

• Vulnerability of the Water Cycle to Extreme Weather Events

• Adaptation Measures for Drought Events

  • Adaptation Measures in Advance of an Extreme Event – Drought

  • Managing Water Supplies During Extreme Events – Droughts

• Adaptation Measures for Flood Events

  • Adaptation Measures in Advance of an Extreme Event – Flooding

• Regaining Drinking-Water Supply Systems

  • Following Drought

  • Following Flooding

  • Disinfecting and Restarting Domestic Distribution Systems (House Connections and Public Buildings)

• Emergency Planning and Institutional Capacity Issues

7.6 Emergency Planning and Institutional Capacity

• 7.6.1 Emergency Planning and Preparedness

• 7.6.2 Emergency Distribution of Alternative Water Supplies

• 7.6.3 Institutional Capacity / Mutual Aid

• 7.6.4 Interdependencies / Business Continuity

7.7 Summary

8. Adaptation Measures for Drainage, Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment

• 8.1 Key Messages

• 8.2 Climate Change Impacts on Drainage Systems, Sewer Systems and WWTPs

• 8.3 Adaptation Measures to Urban WWTPs Before and During Droughts

  • 8.3.1 Maintenance of Sewer Systems During an Extremely Long Dry Period

  • 8.3.2 Operation of UWWTPs During Extremely Long Dry Periods: Changes in Hydraulic and Pollution Load

• 8.4 Adaptation Measures Before and During Floods

  • 8.4.1 Centralized Drainage/Sewer Systems and UWWTPs – Preventive Measures

  • 8.4.2 Decentralized and Community-Based Sanitation Systems – Preventive Measures

  • 8.4.3 Centralized Drainage/Sewer Systems and UWWTPs – Protective Measures During Floods

  • 8.4.4 Decentralized and Community-Based Sanitation Systems – Protective Measures During Floods

• 8.5 Restoration of the Sewerage System and UWWTP

  • 8.5.1 Regaining and Restart of Drainage/Sewer Network Operation

  • 8.5.2 Regaining and Restart of the UWWTP Operation

• 8.6 Specific Issues of Industrial WWTPs

• 8.7 Summary

• 8.8 Checklist

Final Sections

• References

• Bibliography

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Tags: Centers of Disease Control, Guidance on Water, Supply and Sanitation, Weather Events