Figurative Language Cross Cultural and Cross Linguistic Perspectives 1st Edition by Dmitrij Dobrovol’Skij, Elisabeth Piirainen ISBN 978-3111255606 3111255603

General issues
1.1 Working hypotheses
1.2 Empirical data
  1.2.1 The languages analysed in the present study
  1.2.2 Sources used for the analysed languages
  1.2.3 Languages analysed and the role of culture in figurative language
  1.2.4 Arrangement of the linguistic data and typographical conventions
1.3 Criteria for figurativeness
  1.3.1 Literal – non-literal – figurative
  1.3.2 Image requirement
  1.3.3 Additional naming
1.4 Figurative language and related phenomena
  1.4.1 Indirect language
  1.4.2 Non-figurative metaphors and metonymies
  1.4.3 Phraseology

Conventional figurative language and phraseology
2.1 Research on phraseology: A brief outline
  2.1.1 Terminology and main topics
  2.1.2 Written vs. oral language as research topic
  2.1.3 Anglo-American research tradition
2.2 One-word figurative lexical units
2.3 Types of phrasemes and their constitutive criteria
  2.3.1 Idioms
  2.3.2 Similes
  2.3.3 Restricted collocations
  2.3.4 Proverbs
2.4 Summary

On the cross-linguistic equivalence of idioms
3.1 Preliminary remarks
3.2 On the scope of cross-linguistic idiom analysis
3.3 Cross-linguistic equivalents of idioms from a functional perspective
3.4 Parameters of idiom comparison
  3.4.1 Semantics
  3.4.2 Syntactics
  3.4.3 Pragmatics
  3.4.4 Conclusion
3.5 Summary

Motivation of conventional figurative units
4.1 Motivation and etymology
4.2 Motivation and related phenomena
  4.2.1 Motivation vs. analysability
  4.2.2 Motivation vs. semantic ambiguity
4.3 Unmotivated lexical units
4.4 Types of motivation
4.5 Metaphoric motivation
  4.5.1 Preliminaries
  4.5.2 Conceptual metaphor
  4.5.3 Frame-based metaphor and rich image
4.6 Symbol-based motivation
4.7 Coercion as a type of motivation
4.8 Syntactic motivation
4.9 Motivation based on textual knowledge
4.10 Index-based motivation
4.11 Interaction of motivation types
4.12 Summary

“False friends” and paronyms
5.1 False friends of the translator
5.2 False friends in conventional figurative language
5.3 False friends in different types of conventional figurative units
5.4 Paronyms and homonyms
5.5 Factors relating to origin
  5.5.1 Idioms as false friends based on different conceptual metaphors
  5.5.2 Idioms as false friends based on different rich images
  5.5.3 Idioms as false friends based on different meanings of their constituents
5.6 Summary

The Cognitive Theory of Metaphor
6.1 Basic principles of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor
6.2 Discussion: Are all postulates of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor consistent with linguistic data?
  6.2.1 Conceptual metaphors, the humoural doctrine or something else?
  6.2.2 Levels of mappings and their linguistic relevance
  6.2.3 Japanese culture, anger, and emotions as cultural constructs?
  6.2.4 Do anthropological data fit into the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor?
  6.2.5 What do conceptual metaphors really explain?
  6.2.6 Idioms and conceptual metaphors
6.3 Conclusions

Idioms of FEAR: A cognitive approach
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Idiom semantics in cognitive perspective
7.3 Source domains of FEAR
  7.3.1 Kövecses’ proposal
  7.3.2 FEAR in Russian, English, German and Dutch
7.4 Structure of the semantic field of FEAR
7.5 Does the imagery influence the meaning?
7.6 Concluding remarks

Cognitive modelling of figurative semantics
8.1 General aspects
8.2 Cognitive approach to semantic explanation
8.3 Addressing implicit elements of conceptual structures
8.4 Literal readings: Conceptual structures vs. “referential reality”
8.5 Cognitive modelling vs. conceptual metaphor
8.6 Metaphoric inference and cultural knowledge
8.7 Conclusion

Specific frames: The concept House in language and culture
9.1 Preliminary remarks
9.2 The concept HOUSE in English, German, Dutch, Swedish and Finnish
  9.2.1 The multiple-room urban building as a source frame
  9.2.2 Traditional dwelling houses as source concepts
9.3 The concept HOUSE in Japanese
  9.3.1 The traditional Japanese dwelling house: Main elements of architecture and interior
  9.3.2 Conventional figurative units containing HOUSE-frame constituents
  9.3.3 Conclusions
9.4 The concept HOUSE in a Low German dialect
  9.4.1 The “Low German one-room hall-house”
  9.4.2 The concept HOUSE in conventional figurative units
  9.4.3 Summary

Culture and figurative language
10.1 On the notions of culture
  10.1.1 Introduction
  10.1.2 Cultural anthropology
  10.1.3 Semiotics of culture
  10.1.4 Philosophy of language and linguistics
  10.1.5 “Culture” in the field of figurative language: A working definition
10.2 Cultural phenomena in conventional figurative units
10.3 Social interaction
  10.3.1 “Cultural models”
  10.3.2 Social conventions, taboos and bans
  10.3.3 Gestures
  10.3.4 Gender-specifics
10.4 Phenomena relating to material culture
  10.4.1 Preliminaries
  10.4.2 Culture-specific artefacts
10.5 Textual dependence
  10.5.1 Preliminary remarks
  10.5.2 Quotations
  10.5.3 Allusions
10.6 Fictive conceptual domains
10.7 Cultural symbols
10.8 Combining of cultural phenomena in figurative units
10.9 Cultural connotations
  10.9.1 Preliminary notes
  10.9.2 Proper nouns
  10.9.3 Idioethnic realia
  10.9.4 Culture-specifics in the target concept
10.10 Concluding remarks

Cultural symbolism in figurative language
11.1 The semiotics of culture
  11.1.1 The Moscow-Tartu School
  11.1.2 Semiotics of culture and figurative language
11.2 Concepts of the symbol in non-linguistic paradigms
  11.2.1 Symbol research and research on conventional figurative units
  11.2.2 Attempts to define “symbol”
  11.2.3 Concepts of the symbol in various disciplines
11.3 Concepts of the symbol in linguistics and semiotics
  11.3.1 Introduction
  11.3.2 The symbol as analogical thinking
  11.3.3 The symbol as an arbitrary sign
  11.3.4 The symbol as connotative meaning
  11.3.5 The symbol as a culture-semiotic phenomenon
  11.3.6 Summary
11.4 Cultural symbols in figurative language
  11.4.1 Metaphor vs. symbol
  11.4.2 Symbols: Transparent vs. opaque
  11.4.3 Cultural context of symbols
  11.4.4 Cultural codes

Numeral words and number symbols in culture and language: Case studies
12.1 General remarks
  12.1.1 Linguistic aspects of numerals and number symbols
  12.1.2 Cultural aspects of number symbols
  12.1.3 Numbers in conventional figurative units and culture: Special cases
12.2 Four: The special case of French
  12.2.1 FOUR in conventional figurative units of different languages
  12.2.2 FOUR in French conventional figurative units
  12.2.3 FOUR in culture
  12.2.4 Conclusions
12.3 Nine in figurative language and culture: Finnish, Lithuanian and English
  12.3.1 NINE as a marginal numeral in some languages
  12.3.2 NINE in Finnish conventional figurative language and culture
  12.3.3 NINE in Lithuanian conventional figurative language and culture
  12.3.4 NINE in English conventional figurative language and culture
  12.3.5 The rivalry of NINE and SEVEN in languages and cultures
12.4 ELEVEN: The “crazy number” in Dutch figurative units
  12.4.1 Iconic functions and textual dependence
  12.4.2 Symbolic functions
  12.4.3 ELEVEN in culture
  12.4.4 Results

Animal metaphors and animal symbols: Case studies
13.1 Animals in conventional figurative language
13.2 SNAKE
  13.2.1 Iconic functions of SNAKE
  13.2.2 Symbolic functions of SNAKE
  13.2.3 SNAKE in cultural codes
  13.2.4 Results
13.3 WOLF
  13.3.1 Iconic functions of WOLF
  13.3.2 Symbolic functions of WOLF
  13.3.3 WOLF in cultural codes
  13.3.4 Results
13.4 BEAR
  13.4.1 Iconic functions of BEAR
  13.4.2 Symbolic functions of BEAR
  13.4.3 BEAR in cultural codes
  13.4.4 Results

Conclusions
14.1 Basic principles of the Conventional Figurative Language Theory
  14.1.1 Basic postulates of the Conventional Figurative Language Theory
  14.1.2 Tools of the Conventional Figurative Language Theory
14.2 The essence of the Conventional Figurative Language Theory