Fiber Optic Communication Systems 3rd Edition by Govind Agrawal ISBN 9780471215714 0471215716
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ISBN 10: 0471215716
ISBN 13: 9780471215714
Author: Govind P. Agrawal
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Table of contents:
1 Introduction
1.1 Historical Perspective
1.1.1 Need for Fiber-Optic Communications
1.1.2 Evolution of Lightwave Systems
1.2 Basic Concepts
1.2.1 Analog and Digital Signals
1.2.2 Channel Multiplexing
1.2.3 Modulation Formats
1.3 Optical Communication Systems
1.4 Lightwave System Components
1.4.1 Optical Fibers as a Communication Channel
1.4.2 Optical Transmitters
1.4.3 Optical Receivers
Problems
References.
2 Optical Fibers
2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description
2.1.1 Step-Index Fibers
2.1.2 Graded-Index Fibers
2.2 Wave Propagation
2.2.1 Maxwell’s Equations
2.2.2 Fiber Modes
2.2.3 Single-Mode Fibers..
2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers
2.3.1 Group-Velocity Dispersion
2.3.2 Material Dispersion.
2.3.3 Waveguide Dispersion
2.3.4 Higher-Order Dispersion
2.3.5 Polarization-Mode Dispersion
2.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations
2.4.1 Basic Propagation Equation
2.4.2 Chirped Gaussian Pulses
2.4.3 Limitations on the Bit Rate
2.4.4 Fiber Bandwidth
2.5 Fiber Losses
2.5.1 Attenuation Coefficient
2.5.2 Material Absorption
2.5.3 Rayleigh Scattering
2.5.4 Waveguide Imperfections.
2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects
2.6.1 Stimulated Light Scattering
2.6.2 Nonlinear Phase Modulation
2.6.3 Four-Wave Mixing
2.7 Fiber Manufacturing
2.7.1 Design Issues
2.7.2 Fabrication Methods
2.7.3 Cables and Connectors
Problems
References.
3 Optical Transmitters
3.1 Basic Concepts
3.1.1 Emission and Absorption Rates
3.1.2 p-n Junctions
3.1.3 Nonradiative Recombination
3.1.4 Semiconductor Materials
3.2 Light-Emitting Diodes
3.2.1 Power-Current Characteristics
3.2.2 LED Spectrum
3.2.3 Modulation Response
3.2.4 LED Structures
3.3 Semiconductor Lasers.
3.3.1 Optical Gain
3.3.2 Feedback and Laser Threshold
3.3.3 Laser Structures
3.4 Control of Longitudinal Modes.
3.4.1 Distributed Feedback Lasers
3.4.2 Coupled-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers
3.4.3 Tunable Semiconductor Lasers.
3.4.4 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
3.5 Laser Characteristics
3.5.1 CW Characteristics
3.5.2 Small-Signal Modulation
3.5.3 Large-Signal Modulation
3.5.4 Relative Intensity Noise
3.5.5 Spectral Linewidth
3.6 Transmitter Design
3.6.1 Source-Fiber Coupling
3.6.2 Driving Circuitry
3.6.3 Optical Modulators
3.6.4 Optoelectronic Integration
3.6.5 Reliability and Packaging
Problems
References.
4 Optical Receivers
4.1 Basic Concepts
4.1.1 Detector Responsivity
4.1.2 Rise Time and Bandwidth
4.2 Common Photodetectors
4.2.1 p-n Photodiodes
4.2.2 p-i-n Photodiodes
4.2.3 Avalanche Photodiodes
4.2.4 MSM Photodetectors
4.3 Receiver Design
4.3.1 Front End
4.3.2 Linear Channel
4.3.3 Decision Circuit
4.3.4 Integrated Receivers
4.4 Receiver Noise
4.4.1 Noise Mechanisms
4.4.2 p-i-n Receivers
4.4.3 APD Receivers
4.5 Receiver Sensitivity
4.5.1 Bit-Error Rate.
4.5.2 Minimum Received Power
4.5.3 Quantum Limit of Photo detection
4.6 Sensitivity Degradation
4.6.1 Extinction Ratio
4.6.2 Intensity Noise
4.6.3 Timing Jitter
4.7 Receiver Performance
Problems
References.
5 Lightwave Systems
5.1 System Architectures
5.1.1 Point-to-Point Links
5.1.2 Distribution Networks
5.1.3 Local-Area Networks.
5.2 Design Guidelines.
5.2.1 Loss-Limited Lightwave Systems
5.2.2 Dispersion-Limited Lightwave Systems
5.2.3 Power Budget.
5.2.4 Rise-Time Budget
5.3 Long-Haul Systems
5.3.1 Performance-Limiting Factors
5.3.2 Terrestrial Lightwave Systems
5.3.3 Undersea Lightwave Systems
5.4 Sources of Power Penalty
5.4.1 Modal Noise
5.4.2 Dispersive Pulse Broadening
5.4.3 Mode-Partition Noise
5.4.4 Frequency Chirping
5.4.5 Reflection Feedback and Noise
5.5 Computer-Aided Design
Problems
References ..
6 Optical Amplifiers
6.1 Basic Concepts
6.1.1 Gain Spectrum and Bandwidth
6.1.2 Gain Saturation
6.1.3 Amplifier Noise
6.1.4 Amplifier Applications
6.2 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers
6.2.1 Amplifier Design
6.2.2 Amplifier Characteristics
6.2.3 Pulse Amplification.
6.2.4 System Applications
6.3 Raman Amplifiers
6.3.1 Raman Gain and Bandwidth
6.3.2 Amplifier Characteristics
6.3.3 Amplifier Performance
6.4 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers
6.4.1 Pumping Requirements
6.4.2 Gain Spectrum
6.4.3 Simple Theory
6.4.4 Amplifier Noise.
6.4.5 Multichannel Amplification
6.4.6 Distributed-Gain Amplifiers
6.5 System Applications
6.5.1 Optical Preamplification
6.5.2 Noise Accumulation in Long-Haul Systems
6.5.3 ASE-Induced Timing Jitter
6.5.4 Accumulated Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects
6.5.5 WDM-Related Impairments
7 Dispersion Management
7.1 Need for Dispersion Management
7.2 Precompensation Schemes
7.2.1 Prechirp Technique
7.2.2 Novel Coding Techniques
7.2.3 Nonlinear Prechirp Techniques
.
7.3 Postcompensation Techniques
7.4 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers
7.5 Optical Filters
7.6 Fiber Bragg Gratings
7.6.1 Uniform-Period Gratings
7.6.2 Chirped Fiber Gratings
7.6.3 Chirped Mode Couplers
7.7 Optical Phase Conjugation
7.7.1 Principle of Operation
7.7.2 Compensation of Self-Phase Modulation
7.7.3 Phase-Conjugated Signal
7.8 Long-Haul Lightwave Systems
7.8.1 Periodic Dispersion Maps
7.8.2 Simple Theory
7.8.3 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects
7.9 High-Capacity Systems
7.9.1 Broadband Dispersion Compensation
7.9.2 Tunable Dispersion Compensation.
7.9.3 Higher-Order Dispersion Management.
7.9.4 PMD Compensation
Problems
References.
8 Multichannel Systems
8.1 WDM Lightwave Systems
8.1.1 High-Capacity Point-to-Point Links
8.1.2 Wide-Area and Metro-Area Networks
8.1.3 Multiple-Access WDM Networks
8.2 WDM Components
8.2.1 Tunable Optical Filters
8.2.2 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers
8.2.3 Add-Drop Multiplexers
8.2.4 Star Couplers
8.2.5 Wavelength Routers
8.2.6 Optical Cross-Connects
8.2.7 Wavelength Converters
8.2.8 WDM Transmitters and Receivers
8.3 System Performance Issues
8.3.1 Heterowavelength Linear Crosstalk
8.3.2 Homowavelength Linear Crosstalk.
8.3.3 Nonlinear Raman Crosstalk
8.3.4 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
8.3.5 Cross-Phase Modulation
8.3.6 Four-Wave Mixing
8.3.7 Other Design Issues
8.4 Time-Division Multiplexing
8.4.1 Channel Multiplexing
8.4.2 Channel Demultiplexing
8.4.3 System Performance
8.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing.
8.5.1 Analog SCM Systems
8.5.2 Digital SCM Systems
8.5.3 Multiwavelength SCM Systems
8.6 Code-Division Multiplexing
8.6.1 Direct-Sequence Encoding
8.6.2 Spectral Encoding
Problems
References.
9 Soliton Systems
9.1 Fiber Solitons
9.1.1 Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation
9.1.2 Bright Solitons
9.1.3 Dark Solitons
9.2 Soliton-Based Communications
9.2.1 Information Transmission with Solitons
9.2.2 Soliton Interaction
9.2.3 Frequency Chirp
9.2.4 Soliton Transmitters
9.3 Loss-Managed Solitons
9.3.1 Loss-Induced Soliton Broadening
9.3.2 Lumped Amplification
9.3.3 Distributed Amplification
9.3.4 Experimental Progress
9.4 Dispersion-Managed Solitons.
9.4.1 Dispersion-Decreasing Fibers
9.4.2 Periodic Dispersion Maps
9.4.3 Design Issues
9.5 Impact of Amplifier Noise
9.5.1 Moment Method
9.5.2 Energy and Frequency Fluctuations
9.5.3 Timing Jitter
9.5.4 Control of Timing Jitter
9.6 High-Speed Soliton Systems
9.6.1 System Design Issues.
9.6.2 Soliton Interaction
9.6.3 Impact of Higher-Order Effects
9.6.4 Timing Jitter
9.7 WDM Soliton Systems
9.7.1 Interchannel Collisions
9.7.2 Effect of Lumped Amplification
9.7.3 Timing Jitter
9.7.4 Dispersion Management
Problems
References.
10 Coherent Lightwave Systems
10.1 Basic Concepts
10.1.1 Local Oscillator
10.1.2 Homodyne Detection
10.1.3 Heterodyne Detection
10.1.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
10.2 Modulation Formats.
10.2.1 ASK Format
10.2.2 PSK Format
10.2.3 FSK Format
10.3 Demodulation Schemes
10.3.1 Heterodyne Synchronous Demodulation
10.3.2 Heterodyne Asynchronous Demodulation
10.4 Bit-Error Rate.
10.4.1 Synchronous ASK Receivers
10.4.2 Synchronous PSK Receivers
10.4.3 Synchronous FSK Receivers
10.4.4 Asynchronous ASK Receivers
10.4.5 Asynchronous FSK Receivers
10.4.6 Asynchronous DPSK Receivers
10.5 Sensitivity Degradation
10.5.1 Phase Noise
10.5.2 Intensity Noise
10.5.3 Polarization Mismatch
10.5.4 Fiber Dispersion
10.5.5 Other Limiting Factors
10.6 System Performance
10.6.1 Asynchronous Heterodyne Systems
10.6.2 Synchronous Heterodyne Systems
10.6.3 Homodyne Systems
10.6.4 Current Status
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Tags: Govind Agrawal, Fiber Optic Communication