Exposure Assessment and Safety Considerations for Working with Engineered Nanoparticles 1st Edition by Michael Ellenbecker, Candace Su Jung Tsai ISBN 9781118998717 0470467061

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Product details: 

ISBN 10: 0470467061

ISBN 13: 9781118998717

Author: Michael J. Ellenbecker, Candace Su-Jung Tsai
Addresses health and safety issues associated with workplace Nanoparticle exposures
• Describes methods to evaluate and control worker exposures to engineered nanoparticles
• Provides guidance for concerned EHS professionals on acceptable levels of exposure to nanoparticles
• Includes documentation on best practices to be followed by all researchers when working with engineered nanoparticles
• Describes current knowledge on toxicity of nanoparticles
• Includes coverage on Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles

Table of contents: 

• Introduction

  • Why A Book on Nanotechnology Health and Safety?

  • Some Scenarios

  • Organization of the Material

  • Our Approach to Nanoparticle Health and Safety

  • References

• What is a Nanoparticle?

  • Nanotechnology, Nanomaterials, and Nanoparticles

    • Nanotechnology

    • Nanomaterial

    • Nanoparticle

  • Naturally Occurring Nanoparticles

  • Industrial Nanoparticles

  • Engineered Nanoparticles

    • Carbon Nanotubes

    • Fullerenes

    • Quantum Dots

  • Emerging Uses for Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Other Useful Definitions

    • Aerosol

    • Particle Inertia

    • Brownian Motion

    • Particle Diameter

    • Agglomerate versus Aggregate

  • Summary

  • References

• Why are we Concerned? The Unique Properties of Nanoparticles

  • Surface-to-Volume Ratio

  • Particle Size

  • Particle Concentration

  • Dose Metrics: Particle Number, Surface Area, Morphology, and Surface Properties

  • Implications for the Occupational and Environmental Health Impacts of Nanoparticles

    • Respiratory Deposition

    • Skin Penetration

  • Implications for Physical Risks

    • Introduction

    • Current Status

    • Conclusions

  • Summary

  • References

• Routes of Exposure for Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Introduction

  • Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure through Inhalation

    • Human Respiratory System

    • Particle Deposition in the Respiratory System

  • Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure Through Dermal Contact

  • Engineered Nanoparticle Exposure Through Ingestion

  • Translocation of Nanoparticles from the Lung

  • Summary

  • References

• Current Knowledge on the Toxicity of Nanoparticles

  • Introduction

  • The Toxicity of Industrial Nanoparticles

  • Nanoparticle Toxicity: General Concepts

    • Routes of Exposure

    • In Vivo and In Vitro Testing

  • Carbon Nanotubes

  • Fullerenes

  • Quantum Dots

  • Metal-Based Nanoparticles

  • Summary

  • References

• Sources of Exposure

  • Overview of Occupational Exposures

  • Occupational Exposures in Research Facilities

  • Occupational Exposures in Manufacturing Facilities

  • Exposure Potential for ENPs in Different Physical States

    • Dry Powders

    • Liquid Suspensions

    • ENPs Bound to a Solid

  • Environmental Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles

    • Environmental Releases

    • Exposures Through a Product’s Life Cycle

  • References

• Evaluation of Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Current Knowledge Concerning Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Exposure to Engineered Nanoparticles by Inhalation

    • Mass Sampling

    • Surface Area Measurement

    • Number Concentration Measurement

    • Conversion between Number, Surface Area, and Mass Concentrations

    • Particle Characterization

  • Dermal Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Evaluation of Exposures in Aquatic Environments

    • Introduction

    • Sample Collection

    • Measurement Methods

    • Exposure Characterization in Aquatic Environments

  • References

• Exposure Characterization

  • Exposure Characterization Steps

    • Standard Occupational Hygiene Models

    • Exposure Characterization for Nanomaterials

  • Exposure Measurement Strategies

    • Single-Location Measurement

    • Multiple-Location Measurement

    • Near-Field and Far-Field Measurement

    • Dynamic Personal Sampling Measurement

  • Data Analysis and Interpretation

  • Statistical Analysis of Data

    • Pearson Correlation

    • T-test

  • Practical Aspects of Aerosol Sampling and Microscopy Techniques

    • Aerosol Sampling Techniques

    • Microscopy Techniques

  • Practical Applications and Limitations

    • Particle Losses

    • Concentration Measurement versus Particle Samples

  • Typical Production Processes

    • Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

    • Composite Manufacture

  • Case Studies

    • Manual Handling of Nanoparticles

    • Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

    • Exposure From Twin Screw Extrusion Compounding

  • References

• Control of Occupational Exposures to Engineered Nanoparticles

  • Control of Airborne Exposures

    • General

    • Laboratory Fume Hoods

    • Alternatives to Conventional Fume Hoods

  • Control of Dermal Exposures

    • General

    • Clothing and Personal Protective Equipment

  • Administrative Controls and Good Work Practices

    • Housekeeping

    • Work Practices

    • Worker Training

  • Respiratory Protection

    • General Considerations

    • Respirator Designs

  • Case Studies

    • Comparison of the Performance of Various Fume Hoods

    • Performance of Nontraditional Fume Hoods

  • References

• Control of Environmental Exposures

  • Control of Air Emissions

    • Factors Affecting Air Cleaner Performance

    • Categories of Air Cleaning Devices

  • Control of Water Emissions

  • Nanoparticles in Solid Waste

  • Control of Exposures Throughout a Product’s Life Cycle

  • Uncertainties and Needed Research

  • Case Study—Filtration Control

  • References

• The Regulatory Environment for Engineered Nanomaterials

  • Occupational Health Regulations

    • Occupational Health Regulations in the European Union

    • US Occupational Health Regulations

    • Summary: Occupational Exposure Regulations

  • Environmental Regulations

    • US Environmental Regulations

    • Environmental Regulations in the European Union

  • Comparison of Nanotechnology Regulation under TSCA and REACH

    • The Precautionary Principle and the Burden of Proof

    • Differences in Handling New and Existing Chemicals

    • Volume-Based Thresholds and Exemptions

  • Private Law

  • Conclusions

  • References

• Future Directions in Engineered Nanoparticle Health and Safety

  • Where we are Today

    • Research Efforts in the United States

    • Research Efforts in Europe

    • Progress toward Research Goals

  • Human Health Effects Studies

  • Exposure Assessment

    • Future Needs in Exposure Assessment Techniques

    • The Development of Occupational Exposure Limits

  • Optimal Approaches to Control Exposures

    • Engineering Control of Occupational Exposures

    • Control Banding

    • Respiratory Protection

    • Safe Work Practices

    • Air Pollution Control of Nanoparticles

    • Water Pollution Control of Nanoparticles

    • Nanoparticles in Waste Streams

  • The Future of Regulation

  • Conclusions

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Tags: Michael Ellenbecker, Candace Su Jung Tsai, Exposure Assessment, Considerations for Working