(Ebook PDF) ENVIRONMENTAL CATALYSIS 1st Edition by Vicki Grassian ISBN 9781420027679 1420027670 full chapters

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ISBN 10:1420027670

ISBN 13:9781420027679

Author: Vicki H. Grassian

Table of Contents:

• Section I
• Chapter 1 Metal and Oxyanion Sorption on Naturally Occurring Oxide and Clay Mineral Surfaces
• 1.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.2 SURFACE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND SURFACE COMPLEXATION
• 1.3 MACROSCOPIC ASSESSMENT OF METAL AND OXYANION SORPTION
• 1.4 MOLECULAR SCALE INVESTIGATIONS ON METAL AND OXYANION SORPTION
• 1.5 SURFACE PRECIPITATION OF METALS
• 1.6 KINETICS OF METAL AND OXYANION SORPTION 1.6.1 RATE-LIMITING STEPS AND TIMES SCALES
• 1.6.2 RESIDENCE TIME EFFECTS ON METAL AND OXYANION SORPTION
• 1.6.3 KINETICS OF METAL HYDROXIDE SURFACE PRECIPITATION/DISSOLUTION
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 2 Catalysis of Electron Transfer Reactions at Mineral Surfaces
• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 BACKGROUND
• 2.3 MECHANISM AND KINETICS OF ET IN HOMOGENEOUS SOLUTIONS
• 2.3.1 MECHANISM AND RATE OF OUTERSPHERE REACTIONS
• 2.3.2 MECHANISM AND RATE OF INNER-SPHERE REACTIONS
• 2.4 INFLUENCE OF SURFACES ON REACTION MECHANISMS AND REACTION RATES
• 2.4.1 CONCENTRATION OF THE REACTANTS AND LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
• 2.4.2 FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT REACTION MECHANISM
• 2.5 SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
• 2.5.1 ET REACTIONS AMONG SORBED SPECIES
• 2.5.2 SURFACE PRECIPITATES
• 2.6 CONCLUSIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 3 Precipitation and Dissolution of Iron and Manganese Oxides
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION
• 3.2 THERMODYNAMIC DRIVING FORCES
• 3.3 RATES OF HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION
• 3.4 RATES OF HETEROGENEOUS OXIDATION
• 3.4.1 MINERAL SURFACES
• 3.4.2 AUTOCATALYSIS
• 3.5 DISSOLUTION RATES
• 3.5.1 PROTON-PROMOTED
• 3.5.2 LIGAND-PROMOTED
• 3.5.3 REDUCTIVE
• 3.5.4 SYNERGISTIC
• 3.5.5 MASTER EQUATION
• 3.6 MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY
• 3.6.1 INFRARED (IR) SPECTROSCOPY
• 3.6.2 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY (AFM)
• 3.6.3 X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (XAS)
• 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 4 Applications of Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Studying Heterogeneous Systems Relevant in the Natu
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.1.1 SURFACE STUDIES IN THE UV–VIS REGION: SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION
• 4.1.2 SHG IN THE ABSENCE OF ADORBATES
• 4.1.3 PROBING ADSORBATES WITH SHG
• 4.1.4 SURFACE STUDIES IN THE IR REGION: SUM FREQUENCY GENERATION
• 4.1.5 EXPERIMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
• 4.2 GAS–LIQUID INTERFACES
• 4.2.1 NEAT WATER SURFACES
• 4.2.2 SURFACES OF AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
• 4.2.3 SURFACE POTENTIAL AND SURFACE PKa
• 4.2.4 ORGANIC SPECIES AT AQUEOUS SURFACES
• 4.3 BURIED AQUEOUS INTERFACES
• 4.3.1 AQUEOUS–LIQUID INTERFACES
• 4.3.2 AQUEOUS–SOLID INTERFACES
• 4.4 GAS–SOLID INTERFACES
• 4.4.1 MINERAL OXIDES AND SALTS
• 4.4.2 ICE
• 4.4.3 POLYMERS
• 4.4.4 HIGH-PRESSURE CO ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION
• 4.5 SPECIAL TOPICS
• 4.5.1 SOLVATION AT INTERFACES
• 4.5.2 DYNAMICS
• 4.5.3 COLLOIDS
• 4.5.4 CHIRAL SURFACES
• 4.6 OUTLOOK
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 5 Environmental Catalysis in the Earth’s Atmosphere: Heterogeneous Reactions on Mineral Dust Aer
• 5.1 INTRODUCTION — MINERAL DUST AEROSOL: A SOURCE OF POTENTIALLY CATALYTIC REACTIVE SURFACES I
• 5.2 POSSIBLE TYPES OF SURFACE REACTIONS ON MINERAL DUST
• 5.3 THE ROLE OF MODELING ANALYSIS, LABORATORY STUDIES, AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS IN UNDERSTANDING SURFA
• 5.4. CATALYTIC DESTRUCTION OF OZONE ON MINERAL DUST AEROSOL
• 5.4.1 FIELD MEASUREMENTS
• 5.4.2 MODELING ANALYSIS
• 5.4.3 LABORATORY STUDIES
• 5.5 TROPOSPHERIC FORMATION OF HONO AND HNO3: CATALYTIC HYDROLYSIS OF N2O3, N2O4, AND N2O5 ON MINERAL
• 5.5.1 FIELD STUDIES
• 5.5.2 MODELING STUDIES
• 5.5.3 LABORATORY STUDIES
• 5.6 CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS ON MINERAL DUST AEROSOL IN THE TROPOSPHERE: FUTUR
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 6 Uptake of Trace Species by Ice: Implications for Cirrus Clouds in the Upper Troposphere
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 EXPERIMENTAL 6.2.1 REACTION CHAMBER
• 6.2.2 DETERMINATION OF SURFACE COVERAGE
• 6.2.3 FTIR-RAS
• 6.3 CASE STUDIES 6.3.1 THE UPTAKE OF HNO3 BY ICE
• 6.3.2 THE INTERACTION OF METHANOL, ACETONE, AND ACETALDEHYDE WITH ICE
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 7 Surface Chemistry at Size-Selected, Aerosolized Nanoparticles
• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS 7.2.1 OVERVIEW
• 7.2.2 CREATING A STREAM OF SIZE-SELECTED PARTICLES
• 7.2.3 THREE METHODS FOR STUDYING AEROSOL SURFACE CHEMISTRY
• 7.3 KINETICS AND MECHANISMS OF SOOT OXIDATION 7.3.1 ETHENE SOOT
• 7.3.2 DIESEL SOOT
• 7.4 FUTURE PROSPECTS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Section II
• Chapter 8 Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOX
• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.2 SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 8.2.1 NITROGEN OXIDES (NO)
• 8.2.2 SOURCES OF NO
• 8.3 NOX CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES
• 8.3.1 COMBUSTION CONTROL
• 8.3.2 FLUE GAS TREATMENTS
• 8.4 SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION 8.4.1 SCR REACTIONS
• 8.4.2 TYPE OF CATALYST
• 8.4.3 THE SCR REACTOR
• 8.4.4 THE POSITIONING OF THE SCR REACTOR
• 8.4.5 DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SYSTEM
• 8.4.6 CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 9 Surface Science Studies of DeNOx Catalysts
• 9.1 INTRODUCTION
• 9.2 ADSORPTION AND REACTION OF NOX MOLECULES ON METAL SURFACES
• 9.2.1 NO ADSORPTION AND REACTIONS
• 9.2.2 ADSORPTION AND REACTIONS OF N2O AND NO2 ON METALS
• 9.3 ADSORPTION AND REACTION OF NOX MOLECULES ON OXIDE SURFACES
• 9.3.1 NO CHEMISTRY ON OXIDE SURFACES
• 9.3.2 N2O CHEMISTRY ON OXIDE SURFACES
• 9.3.3 NO2 CHEMISTRY ON OXIDE SURFACES
• 9.4 CONCLUSION
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 10 Fundamental Concepts in Molecular Simulation of NOx Catalysis
• 10.1 WHY NOX CATALYSIS?
• 10.2 GAS-PHASE NOX THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS
• 10.3 ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE SIMULATIONS FOR NOX CATALYSIS
• 10.4 REACTIONS ON METAL OXIDES: NOX ADSORPTION
• 10.5 REACTIONS ON METAL SURFACES: NO OXIDATION
• 10.6 REACTIONS ON METAL-EXCHANGED ZEOLITES: NO DECOMPOSITION
• 10.7 FINAL OBSERVATIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCE
• Chapter 11 Applications of Zeolites in Environmental Catalysis
• 11.1 INTRODUCTION
• 11.2 REDUCTION IN THE EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• 11.2.1 DIRECT DECOMPOSITION OF NITROGEN OXIDES
• 11.2.2 SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES
• 11.2.3 CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF VOCS
• 11.3 ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN SYNTHESIS AND MANUFACTURING USING ZEOLITES
• 11.3.1 THERMAL AND PHOTOOXIDATION OF ALKENES AND AROMATICS IN CATION-EXCHANGED ZEOLITES
• 11.3.2 KINETICS OF THE PHOTO AND THERMAL CYCLOHEXANE OXIDATION REACTION IN BAY AND NAY
• 11.4 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 12 Theoretical Modeling of Zeolite Catalysis: Nitrogen Oxide Catalysis over Metal-Exchanged Zeolites
• 12.1 INTRODUCTION
• 12.2 COMPUTATIONAL QUANTUM CHEMICAL METHODS
• 12.3 SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES
• 12.4 THEORETICAL MODELING OF METAL-EXCHANGED ZEOLITES 12.4.1 THE NATURE OF THE ACTIVE SITE
• 12.4.2 CLUSTER MODELS OF ZEOLITE ACTIVE SITES
• 12.4.3 INFLUENCE OF METAL–ZEOLITE COORDINATION ENVIRONMENT
• 12.4.4 REACTION PATHWAY ANALYSIS
• 12.4.5 DEALING WITH ELECTRON SPIN
• 12.5 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 13 The Organic Chemistry of TiO2 Photocatalysis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• 13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 13.2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 13.2.1 SAMPLE COMPOSITION
• 13.2.2 IRRADIATION
• 13.2.3 ANALYSIS
• 13.3 MECHANISTIC ISSUES 13.3.1 EARLY EVENTS ON THE SEMICONDUCTOR PARTICLE
• 13.3.2 PROTOTYPICAL TIO2-PHOTOCATALYZED REACTIONS OF ARENES
• 13.3.3 RING OPENING OF AROMATIC SUBSTRATES
• 13.4 THE NATURE OF THE PRIMARY OXIDIZING AGENT
• 13.5 SELECTED EXAMPLES OF PARTIAL DEGRADATION PATHWAYS FOR AROMATIC SYSTEMS 13.5.1 ATRAZINE AND SIMI
• 13.5.2 SULFONYLUREA AND UREA ERBICIDES
• 13.5.3 CARBAMATE AND AMIDE HERBICIDES AND PESTICIDES
• 13.5.4 AMIDE-BASED AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS
• 13.5.5 SULFUR-CONTAINING ANALOGS
• 13.6 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES AND NOTES
• Chapter 14 Studies of Photocatalytic Oxidation Reactions
• 14.1 INTRODUCTION
• 14.2 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO SSNMR CONCEPTS
• 14.3 NMR METHODS
• 14.4 SAMPLE PREPARATION
• 14.5 SSNMR STUDIES OF SURFACE SPECIES AND PHOTOOXIDATION REACTIONS ON TiO2
• 14.5.1 ADSORPTION AND REACTIVITY OF ETHANOL ON TIO2
• 14.5.2 THE EFFECT OF SURFACE MORPHOLOGY
• 14.5.3 FORMATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SURFACE-BOUND INTERMEDIATES DURING PCO
• 14.6 EVALUATION OF NEW SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCATALYSTS WITH SSNMR
• 14.6.1 TIO2-COATED OPTICAL MICROFIBERS
• 14.6.2 V-DOPED TIO2 PHOTOCATALYST
• 14.6.3 MIXED SNO2–TIO2 CATALYSTS
• 14.7 SSNMR STUDIES OF ZEOLITE PHOTOCATALYSTS
• 14.8 CONCLUSIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 15 Beyond Photocatalytic Environmental Remediation: Novel TiO2 Materials and Applications
• 15.1 INTRODUCTION
• 15.2 ADVANCES IN MATERIALS
• 15.2.1 SOL–GEL TECHNIQUES
• 15.2.2 PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION
• 15.2.3 NITROGEN DOPING
• 15.2.4 OTHER METHODS
• 15.3 MECHANISTIC INVESTIGATIONS
• 15.3.1 SECOND HARMONIC GENERATION
• 15.3.2 ANATASE–RUTILE INTERACTIONS
• 15.3.3 QUANTUM SIZE EFFECTS
• 15.4 NOVEL APPLICATIONS
• 15.4.1 SOLAR ENERGY CONVERSION
• 15.4.2 DISINFECTION
• 15.4.3 SENSORS
• 15.4.4 PHOTOCHROMIC AND ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES
• 15.4.5 SELF-CLEANING AND SUPERHYDROPHILIC SURFACES
• 15.4.5 CORROSION PROTECTION
• 15.5 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 16 Nanoparticles in Environmental Remediation
• 16.1 INTRODUCTION TO REACTIVE NANOPARTICLES
• 16.1.1 EFFECTS OF NANOSIZING ON SURFACE AREA AND REACTIVE SURFACE SITES
• 16.1.2 MICROGRAPHS
• 16.2 MODIFIED AEROGEL PROCESS (MAP)
• 16.2.1 MORPHOLOGIES OF AP-NANOPARTICLES
• 16.2.2 INTIMATELY MIXED BIMETALLIC OXIDES
• 16.2.3 RELATIONSHIP TO ZEOLITES
• 16.2.4 A NEW FAMILY OF POROUS INORGANIC SORBENTS
• 16.3 DESTRUCTIVE ADSORPTION 16.3.1 HIGH TEMPERATURES
• 16.3.2 AMBIENT TEMPERATURES
• 16.4 BIOCIDAL ACTION OF NANOPARTICLE FORMULATIONS
• 16.4.1 SORPTION OF HALOGENS
• 16.4.2 BACTERICIDAL ACTION
• 16.4.3 DETOXIFICATION OF WATERBORNE TOXINS
• 16.5 PHOTOCATALYSIS
• 16.5.1 TIO2
• 16.5.2 VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTOCATALYSTS
• 16.5.3 NEW NANOSCALE PHOTOCATALYSTS
• 16.5.4 NEW PHOTOCATALYSIS RESULTS
• 16.6 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 17 Toward a Molecular Understanding of Environmental Catalysis: Studies of Metal Oxide Clusters and the
• 17.1 INTRODUCTION
• 17.2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES 17.2.1 GENERATION OF SUPERSONIC EXPANSION BEAMS OF NEUTRAL METAL OXIDE
• 17.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• 17.3.1 IRON OXIDE
• 17.3.2 COPPER OXIDE
• 17.3.3 ZIRCONIUM OXIDE
• 17.3.4 VANADIUM OXIDE
• 17.3.5 TITANIUM OXIDE
• 17.3.6 REACTIVITY OF METAL OXIDE CLUSTERS
• 17.3.7 CLUSTER STRUCTURE CALCULATIONS
• 17.4 CONCLUSIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 18 Biocatalysis in Environmental Remediation–Bioremediation
• 18.1 INTRODUCTION
• 18.1.1 THE PROBLEM
• 18.1.2 DEFINITION OF BASIC TERMS AND SCOPE
• 18.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTIVE BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.3 BIOREMEDIATION OF FUEL HYDROCARBONS (BTEX)
• 18.3.1 BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF BTEX DEGRADATION
• 18.3.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR BTEX BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.3.3 EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL BTEX BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.3.4 CHALLENGES
• 18.4 BIOREMEDIATIONOFCHLORINATEDALIPHATICHYDROCARBONS (CAH)
• 18.4.1 BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF CAH DEGRADATION
• 18.4.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CAH BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.4.3 EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL CAH BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.4.4 CHALLENGES
• 18.5 BIOREMEDIATION OF PERCHLORATE
• 18.5.1 BASIC MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF PERCHLORATE DEGRADATION
• 18.5.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PERCHLORATE BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.5.3 EXAMPLES OF PERCHLORATE BIOREMEDIATION
• 18.6 SUMMARY AND CHALLENGES
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 19 Bioengineering for the In Situ Remediation of Metals
• 19.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 19.1.1 MICROBIAL BIOREMEDIATION OF METALS AND METALLOIDS
• 19.1.2 BACKGROUND
• 19.2 THERMODYNAMICS AND STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL GROWTH 19.2.1 THE THERMODYNAMIC APPROACH
• 19.2.2 STOICHIOMETRY OF MICROBIAL REACTIONS
• 19.2.3 MICROBIAL ENERGETICS AND YIELD
• 19.2.4 IMPLICATIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS FOR MICROBIAL METAL REMEDIATION
• 19.3 KINETICS OF MICROBIAL GROWTH AND TRANSFORMATIONS
• 19.3.1 MICROBIAL GROWTH AND DECAY
• 19.3.2 COMETABOLISM
• 19.3.3 PARAMETER ESTIMATION
• 19.4 GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
• 19.4.1 CONTROL OF SOLUTION PH: ALKALINITY AND ACIDITY
• 19.4.2 EQUILIBRIUM MODELING
• 19.4.3 PRECIPITATION AND SOLUBIOLITY
• 19.4.4 AQUEOUS SPECIATION
• 19.4.5 ABIOTIC OR SURFACE-CATALYZED REACTIONS
• 19.4.6 SORPTION
• 19.5 BIOAVAILABILITY AND OBSERVED REDUCTION RATES
• 19.6 CHEMICAL DELIVERY
• 19.7 SUMMARY
• REFERENCES
• Section III
• Chapter 20 Selective Oxidation
• 20.1 INTRODUCTION TO SELECTIVE OXIDATION 20.1.1 SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE
• 20.1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT AND RESEARCH INCENTIVES
• 20.2 MECHANISTIC STEPS IN SELECTIVE OXIDATION REACTIONS 20.2.1 HOMOGENEOUS VERSUS HETEROGENEOUS SELE
• 20.2.2 OXYGEN SPECIES AND OXYGEN INSERTION MECHANISMS
• 20.2.3 SELECTIVITY
• 20.3 SELECTIVE OXIDATION AND THE ENVIRONMENT
• 20.3.1 PRODUCTION OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
• 20.3.2 FROM AIR TO OXYGEN
• 20.3.3 OLEFIN EPOXIDATION
• 20.3.4 PHOTOCATALYTIC REACTIONS
• 20.3.5 PARTIAL OXIDATION FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
• 20.3.6 OTHER EXAMPLES
• 20.4 BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH DIRECTIONS 20.4.1 ALKANES AS ALTERNATIVE FEED MATERIALS
• 20.4.2 OXYGEN ACTIVATION STRATEGIES
• 20.4.3 TOWARD 100% SELECTIVE PROCESSES
• 20.5 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 21
• Environmental Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
• 21.1 INTRODUCTION
• 21.2 ATOM ECONOMY AND ALTERNATIVE SOLVENTS
• 21.3 CLEAN CATALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS 21.3.1 HYDROGENATION
• 21.3.2 HYDROFORMYLATION AND CARBONYLATION
• 21.3.3 CATALYTIC C—C COUPLING REACTIONS
• 21.3.4 DIELS–ALDER REACTIONS
• 21.3.5 FRIEDEL–CRAFTS REACTIONS
• 21.3.6 OLEFIN METATHESIS
• 21.3.7 OLEFIN EPOXIDATION
• 21.4 CONCLUSIONS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 22 Catalytic Reactions of Industrial Importance in Aqueous Media
• 22.1 INTRODUCTION
• 22.2 HYDROFORMYLATION OF OLEFINS BY AQUEOUS BIPHASIC CATALYSIS
• 22.2.1 HOMOGENEOUS BIPHASIC CATALYSIS
• 22.2.2 AQUEOUS BIPHASIC HYDROFORMYLATION OF OLEFINS
• 22.3 CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
• 22.3.1 HYDROGENATION OF C==C BONDS
• 22.3.2 HYDROGENATION OF C==C BONDS and C==N BONDS
• 22.3.3 ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION
• 22.3.4 TRANSFER HYDROGENATION
• 22.4 OXIDATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
• 22.4.1 OXIDATION OF OLEFINS
• 22.4.2 OXIDATION OF ALCOHOLS
• 22.5 CONCLUSION
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 23 Zeolite-Based Catalysis in Supercritical CO2 for Green Chemical Processing
• 23.1 INTRODUCTION
• 23.2 THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS 23.2.1 ZEOLITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES IN HETROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
• 23.2.2 SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
• 23.3 SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS IN HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
• 23.3.1 PRESENT STATUS OF RESEARCH ON ZEOLITE BASED HETROGENEOUS CATALYTIC REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL
• 23.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENT
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 24 Green Biphasic Homogeneous Catalysis
• 24.1 INTRODUCTION
• 24.2 H2O–SCF SYSTEMS
• 24.2.1 PHASE BEHAVIOR
• 24.2.2 APPLICATIONS
• 24.3 IONIC LIQUID–SCF SYSTEMS 24.3.1 PHASE BEHAVIOR
• 24.3.2 APPLICATIONS
• 24.4 LIQUID POLYMER–SCF SYSTEMS
• 24.4.1 PHASE BEHAVIOR
• 24.4.2 APPLICATIONS
• 24.5 OTHER BIPHASIC VOC-FREE SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES 24.5.1 H2O–IL SYSTEMS
• 24.5.2 H2O–H2O SYSTEMS
• 24.5.3 SUBSTRATE OR PRODUCT IMMISCIBILITY
• 24.5.4 SUPPORTED AQUEOUS-PHASE CATALYSIS
• 24.5.5 SUPPORTED IONIC LIQUID CATALYSIS (SILC)
• 24.5.6 SUPPORTED LIQUID POLYMER CATALYSIS
• 24.6 CONCLUSIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• REFERENCES
• Chapter 25 Green Chemical Manufacturing with Biocatalysis
• 25.1 INTRODUCTION
• 25.1.1 COFACTORS AND REGENERATION
• 25.1.2 PROCESS ECONOMICS AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• 25.2 CASE STUDIES
• 25.2.1 REDUCTIONS
• 25.2.2 OXIDATIONS
• 25.3 CONCLUSIONS

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