Engineering Noise Control Theory and Practice Fourth Edition by David Bies, Colin Hansen ISBN 978-0415487078 0415487078
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ISBN 10: 0415487078
ISBN 13: 978-0415487078
Author: David A. Bies, Colin H. Hansen
The practice of engineering noise control demands a solid understanding of the fundamentals of acoustics, the practical application of current noise control technology and the underlying theoretical concepts. This fully revised and updated fourth edition provides a comprehensive explanation of these key areas clearly, yet without oversimplification. Written by experts in their field, the practical focus echoes advances in the discipline, reflected in the fourth edition’s new material, including:
completely updated coverage of sound transmission loss, mufflers and exhaust stack directivity
a new chapter on practical numerical acoustics
thorough explanation of the latest instruments for measurements and analysis.
Essential reading for advanced students or those already well versed in the art and science of noise control, this distinctive text can be used to solve real world problems encountered by noise and vibration consultants as well as engineers and occupational hygienists.
Table of contents:
CHAPTER 1 FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC TERMINOLOGY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 NOISE-CONTROL STRATEGIES
1.2.1 Sound Source Modification
1.2.2 Control of the Transmission Path
1.2.3 Modification of the Receiver
1.2.4 Existing Facilities
1.2.5 Facilities in the Design Stage
1.2.6 Airborne versus Structure-borne Noise
1.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD VARIABLES
1.3.1 Variables
1.3.2 The Acoustic Field
1.3.3 Magnitudes
1.3.4 The Speed of Sound
1.3.5 Dispersion
1.3.6 Acoustic Potential Function
1.4 WAVE EQUATION
1.4.1 Plane and Spherical Waves
1.4.2 Plane Wave Propagation
1.4.3 Spherical Wave Propagation
1.4.4 Wave Summation
1.4.5 Plane Standing Waves
1.4.6 Spherical Standing Waves
1.5 MEAN SQUARE QUANTITIES
1.6 ENERGY DENSITY
1.7 SOUND INTENSITY
1.7.1 Definitions
1.7.2 Plane Wave and Far Field Intensity
1.7.3 Spherical Wave Intensity
1.8 SOUND POWER
1.9 UNITS
1.10 SPECTRA
1.10.1 Frequency Analysis
1.11 COMBINING SOUND PRESSURES
1.11.1 Coherent and Incoherent Sounds
1.11.2 Addition of Coherent Sound Pressures
1.11.3 Beating
1.11.4 Addition of Incoherent Sounds (Logarithmic Addition)
1.11.5 Subtraction of Sound Pressure Levels
1.11.6 Combining Level Reductions
1.12 IMPEDANCE
1.12.1 Mechanical Impedance, Zm
1.12.2 Specific Acoustic Impedance, Z
1.12.3 Acoustic Impedance, ZA
1.13 FLOW RESISTANCE
CHAPTER 2 THE HUMAN EAR
2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EAR
2.1.1 External Ear
2.1.2 Middle Ear
2.1.3 Inner Ear
2.1.4 Cochlear Duct or Partition
2.1.5 Hair Cells
2.1.6 Neural Encoding
2.1.7 Linear Array of Uncoupled Oscillators
2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CENTRAL PARTITION
2.2.1 Basilar Membrane Travelling Wave
2.2.2 Energy Transport and Group Speed
2.2.3 Undamping
2.2.4 The Half Octave Shift
2.2.5 Frequency Response
2.2.6 Critical Frequency Band
2.2.7 Frequency Resolution
2.3 NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS
2.4 SUBJECTIVE RESPONSE TO SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL
2.4.1 Masking
2.4.2 Loudness
2.4.3 Comparative Loudness and the Phon
2.4.4 Relative Loudness and the Sone
2.4.5 Pitch
CHAPTER 3 INSTRUMENTATION FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS
3.1 MICROPHONES
3.1.1 Condenser Microphone
3.1.2 Piezoelectric Microphone
3.1.3 Pressure Response
3.1.4 Microphone Sensitivity
3.1.5 Field Effects and Calibration
3.1.6 Microphone Accuracy
3.2 WEIGHTING NETWORKS
3.3 SOUND LEVEL METERS
3.4 CLASSES OF SOUND LEVEL METER
3.5 SOUND LEVEL METER CALIBRATION
3.5.1 Electrical Calibration
3.5.2 Acoustic Calibration
3.5.3 Measurement Accuracy
3.6 NOISE MEASUREMENTS USING SOUND LEVEL METERS
3.6.1 Microphone Mishandling
3.6.2 Sound Level Meter Amplifier Mishandling
3.6.3 Microphone and Sound Level Meter Response Characteristics
3.6.4 Background Noise
3.6.5 Wind Noise
3.6.6 Temperature
3.6.7 Humidity and Dust
3.6.8 Reflections from Nearby Surfaces
3.7 TIME-VARYING SOUND
3.8 NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT
3.9 DATA LOGGERS
3.10 PERSONAL SOUND EXPOSURE METER
3.11 RECORDING OF NOISE
3.12 SPECTRUM ANALYSERS
3.13 INTENSITY METERS
3.13.1 Sound Intensity by the p-u Method
3.13.1.1 Accuracy of the p-u Method
3.13.2 Sound Intensity by the p-p Method
3.13.2.1 Accuracy of the p-p Method
3.13.3 Frequency Decomposition of the Intensity
3.13.3.1 Direct Frequency Decomposition
3.13.3.2 Indirect Frequency Decomposition
3.14 ENERGY DENSITY SENSORS
3.15 SOUND SOURCE LOCALISATION
3.15.1 Nearfield Acoustic Holography (NAH)
3.15.1.1 Summary of the Underlying Theory
3.15.2 Statistically Optimised Nearfield Acoustic Holography (SONAH)
3.15.3 Helmholtz Equation Least Squares Method (HELS)
3.15.4 Beamforming
3.15.4.1 Summary of the Underlying Theory
3.15.5 Direct Sound Intensity measurement
CHAPTER 4 CRITERIA
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 Noise Measures
4.1.1.1 A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Noise Level, LAeq
4.1.1.2 A-weighted Sound Exposure.
4.1.1.3 A-weighted Sound Exposure Level, LAE OF SEL
4.1.1.4 Day-Night Average Sound Level, Lan or DNL
4.1.1.5 Community Noise Equivalent Level, Lden or CNEL
4.1.1.6 Effective Perceived Noise Level, LPNE
4.1.1.7 Other Descriptors
4.2 HEARING LOSS
4.2.1 Threshold Shift
4.2.2 Presbyacusis
4.2.3 Hearing Damage
4.3 HEARING DAMAGE RISK
4.3.1 Requirements for Speech Recognition
4.3.2 Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk
4.3.3 International Standards Organisation Formulation
4.3.4 Alternative Formulations
4.3.4.1 Bies and Hansen Formulation
4.3.4.2 Dresden Group Formulation
4.3.5 Observed Hearing Loss
4.3.6 Some Alternative Interpretations
4.4 HEARING DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA
4.4.1 Continuous Noise
4.4.2 Impulse Noise
4.4.3 Impact Noise
4.5 IMPLEMENTING A HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM
4.6 SPEECH INTERFERENCE CRITERIA
4.6.1 Broadband Background Noise
4.6.2 Intense Tones
4.7 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE
4.7.1 Noise as a Cause of Stress
4.7.2 Effect on Behaviour and Work Efficiency
4.8 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL SPECIFICATION
4.8.1 Noise Weighting Curves
4.8.1.1 NR Curves
4.8.1.2 NC Curves
4.8.1.3 RC Curves
4.8.1.4 NCB Curves
4.8.1.5 RNC Curves
4.8.2 Comparison of Noise Weighting Curves with dB(A) Specifications
4.8.3 Speech Privacy
4.9 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE LEVEL CRITERIA
4.9.1 A-weighting Criteria
4.10 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE SURVEYS
4.10.1 Measurement Locations
4.10.2 Duration of the Measurement Survey
4.10.3 Measurement Parameters
4.10.4 Noise Impact
CHAPTER 5 SOUND SOURCES AND OUTDOOR SOUND
PROPAGATION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SIMPLE SOURCE
5.2.1 Pulsating Sphere
5.2.2 Fluid Mechanical Monopole Source
5.3 DIPOLE SOURCE
5.3.1 Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Far-field Approximation)
5.3.2 Pulsating Doublet or Dipole (Near-field)
5.3.3 Oscillating Sphere
5.3.4 Fluid Mechanical Dipole Source
5.4 QUADRUPOLE SOURCE (FAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION)
5.4.1 Lateral Quadrupole
5.4.2 Longitudinal Quadrupole
5.4.3 Fluid Mechanical Quadrupole Source
5.5 LINE SOURCE
5.5.1 Infinite Line Source
5.5.2 Finite Line Source
5.6 PISTON IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE
5.6.1 Far Field
5.6.2 Near Field On-axis
5.6.3 Radiation Load of the Near Field
5.7 INCOHERENT PLANE RADIATOR
5.7.1 Single Wall
5.7.2 Several Walls of a Building or Enclosure
5.8 DIRECTIVITY
5.9 REFLECTION EFFECTS
5.9.1 Simple Source Near a Reflecting Surface
5.9.2 Observer Near a Reflecting Surface
5.9.3 Observer and Source Both Close to a Reflecting Surface
5.10 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A PLANE/TWO MEDIA INTERFACE
5.10.1 Porous Earth
5.10.2 Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission
5.10.3 Spherical Wave Reflection at a Plane Interface
5.10.4 Effects of Turbulence
5.11 SOUND PROPAGATION OUTDOORS, GENERAL CONCEPTS
5.11.1 Methodology
5.11.2 Limits to Accuracy of Prediction
5.11.3 Outdoor Sound Propagation Prediction Schemes
5.11.4 Geometrical Spreading, K
5.11.5 Directivity Index, DIM.
5.11.6 Excess Attenuation Factor, Ag
5.11.7 Air Absorption, Aa
5.11.8 Shielding by Barriers, Houses and Process
Equipment/Industrial Buildings, Abhp
5.11.9 Attenuation due to Forests and Dense Foliage, Ar.
5.11.10 Ground Effects
5.11.10.1 CONCAWE Method
5.11.10.2 Simple Method (Hard or Soft Ground)
5.11.10.3 Plane Wave Method
5.11.10.4 ISO 9613-2 (1996) Method
5.11.10.5 Detailed, Accurate and Complex Method
5.11.11 Image Inversion and Increased Attenuation at Large Distance
5.11.12 Meteorological Effects
5.11.12.1Attenuation in the Shadow Zone (Negative Sonic Gradient)
5.11.12.2 Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to Tonin (1985)
5.11.12.3 Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to CONCAWE
5.11.12.4 Meteorological Attenuation Calculated according to ISO 9613-2 (1996)
5.11.13 Combined Excess Attenuation Model
5.11.14 Accuracy of Outdoor Sound Predictions
CHAPTER 6 SOUND POWER, ITS USE AND MEASUREMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 RADIATION IMPEDANCE
6.3 RELATION BETWEEN SOUND POWER AND SOUND PRESSURE
6.4 RADIATION FIELD OF A SOUND SOURCE
6.4.1 Free-field Simulation in an Anechoic Room
6.4.2 Sound Field Produced in an Enclosure
6.5 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS
6.6 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING CONVENTIONAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
6.6.1 Measurement in Free or Semi-free Field
6.6.2 Measurement in a Diffuse Field
6.6.2.1 Substitution Method
6.6.2.2 Absolute Method
6.6.3 Field Measurement
6.6.3.1 Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method One
6.6.3.2 Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Two
6.6.3.3 Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Three
6.6.3.4 Near-field Measurements
6.7 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING SURFACE VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
6.8 SOME USES OF SOUND POWER INFORMATION
6.8.1 The Far Free Field
6.8.2 The Near Free Field
CHAPTER 7 SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.1.1 Wall-interior Modal Coupling
7.1.2 Sabine Rooms
7.1.3 Flat and Long Rooms
7.2 LOW FREQUENCIES
7.2.1 Rectangular rooms
7.2.2 Cylindrical Rooms
7.3 BOUND BETWEEN LOW-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-FREQUENCY BEHAVIOUR
7.3.1 Modal Density
7.3.2 Modal Damping and Bandwidth
7.3.3 Modal Overlap
7.3.4 Cross-over Frequency
7.4 HIGH FREQUENCIES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
7.4.1 Effective Intensity in a Diffuse Field
7.4.2 Energy Absorption at Boundaries
7.4.3 Air Absorption
7.4.4 Steady-state Response
7.5 TRANSIENT RESPONSE
7.5.1 Classical Description
7.5.2 Modal Description
7.5.3 Empirical Description
7.5.4 Mean Free Path
7.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE ROOM CONSTANT
7.6.1 Reference Sound Source Method
7.6.2 Reverberation Time Method
7.7 POROUS SOUND ABSORBERS
7.7.1 Measurement of Absorption Coefficients
7.7.2 Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC)
7.7.3 Porous Liners
7.7.4 Porous Liners with Perforated Panel Facings
7.7.5 Sound Absorption Coefficients of Materials in Combination
7.8 PANEL SOUND ABSORBERS
7.8.1 Empirical Method
7.8.2 Analytical Method
7.9 FLAT AND LONG ROOMS
7.9.1 Flat Room with Specularly Reflecting Floor and Ceiling
7.9.2 Flat Room with Diffusely Reflecting Floor and Ceiling
7.9.3 Flat Room with Specularly and Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries
7.9.4 Long Room with Specularly Reflecting Walls
7.9.5 Long Room with Circular Cross-section and Diffusely Reflecting Wall
7.9.6 Long Room with Rectangular Cross-section
7.10 APPLICATIONS OF SOUND ABSORPTION
7.10.1 Relative Importance of the Reverberant Field
7.10.2 Reverberation Control
7.11 AUDITORIUM DESIGN
7.11.1 Reverberation Time
7.11.2 Early Decay Time (EDT)
7.11.3 Clarity (C80)
7.11.4 Envelopment
7.11.5 Interaural Cross Correlation Coefficient, IACC
7.11.6 Background Noise Level
7.11.7 Total Sound Level or Loudness, G
7.11.8 Diffusion
7.11.9 Speech Intelligibility
7.11.9.1 FIND..
7.11.9.2 Articulation Loss
7.11.9.3 Signal to Noise Ratio
7.11.10 Sound Reinforcement
7.11.10.1 Direction Perception
7.11.10.2 Feedback Control
7.11.11 Estimation of Parameters for Occupied Concert Halls
7.11.12 Optimum Volumes for Audiences
CHAPTER 8 PARTITIONS, ENCLOSURES AND BARRIERS
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 SOUND TRANSMISSION THROUGH PARTITIONS
8.2.1 Bending Waves
8.2.2 Transmission Loss
8.2.3 Impact Isolation
8.2.4 Panel Transmission Loss (or Sound Reduction Index) Behaviour
8.2.4.1 Sharp’s Prediction Scheme for Isotropic Panels
8.2.4.2 Davy’s Prediction Scheme for Isotropic Panels
8.2.4.3 Thickness Correction for Isotropic Panels
8.2.4.4 Orthotropic Panels
8.2.5 Sandwich Panels
8.2.6 Double Wall Transmission Loss
8.2.6.1 Sharp Model for Double Wall TL
8.2.6.2 Davy Model for Double Wall TL
8.2.6.3 Staggered Studs
8.2.6.4 Panel Damping
8.2.6.5 Effect of the Flow Resistance of the Sound Absorbing Material in the Cavity
8.2.7 Multi-leaf and Composite Panels
8.2.8 Triple Wall Sound Transmission Loss
8.2.9 Common Building Materials
8.2.10 Sound-absorptive Linings
8.3 NOISE REDUCTION vs TRANSMISSION LOSS
8.3.1 Composite Transmission Loss
8.3.2 Flanking Transmission Loss
8.4 ENCLOSURES
8.4.1 Noise Inside Enclosures
8.4.2 Noise Outside Enclosures
8.4.3 Personnel Enclosures
8.4.4 Enclosure Windows
8.4.5 Enclosure Leakages
8.4.6 Access and Ventilation
8.4.7 Enclosure Vibration Isolation
8.4.8 Enclosure Resonances
8.4.9 Close-fitting Enclosures
8.4.10 Partial Enclosures
8.5 BARRIERS
8.5.1 Diffraction at the Edge of a Thin Sheet
8.5.2 Outdoor Barriers
8.5.2.1 Thick Barriers
8.5.2.2 Shielding by Terrain
8.5.2.3 Effects of Wind and Temperature Gradients on Barrier Attenuation
8.5.2.4 ISO 9613-2 Approach to Barrier Insertion Loss Calculations
8.5.3 Indoor Barriers
8.6 PIPE LAGGING
8.6.1 Porous Material Lagging
8.6.2 Impermeable Jacket and Porous Blanket Lagging
CHAPTER 9 MUFFLING DEVICES
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE
9.3 DIFFUSERS AS MUFFLING DEVICES
9.4 CLASSIFICATION OF MUFFLING DEVICES
9.5 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
9.6 LUMPED ELEMENT DEVICES
9.6.1 Impedance of an Orifice or a Short Narrow Duct
9.6.1.1 End Correction
9.6.1.2 Acoustic Resistance
9.6.2 Impedance of a Volume
9.7 REACTIVE DEVICES
9.7.1 Acoustical Analogs of Kirchhoff’s Laws
9.7.2 Side Branch Resonator
9.7.2.1 End Corrections for a Helmholtz Resonator Neck and Quarter Wave Tube
9.7.2.2 Quality Factor of a Helmholtz Resonator and Quarter Wave Tube
9.7.2.3 Insertion Loss due to Side Branch
9.7.2.4 Transmission Loss due to Side Branch
9.7.3 Resonator Mufflers
9.7.4 Expansion Chamber
9.7.4.1 Insertion Loss
9.7.4.2 Transmission Loss
9.7.5 Small Engine Exhaust
9.7.6 Lowpass Filter
9.7.7 Pressure Drop Calculations for Reactive Muffling Devices
9.7.8 Flow-generated Noise
9.8 LINED DUCTS
9.8.1 Locally Reacting and Bulk Reacting Liners
9.8.2 Liner Specification
9.8.3 Lined Duct Silencers
9.8.3.1 Flow Effects
9.8.3.2 Higher Order Mode Propagation
9.8.4 Cross-sectional Discontinuities
9.8.5 Pressure Drop Calculations for Dissipative Mufflers
9.9 DUCT BENDS OR ELBOWS
9.10 UNLINED DUCTS
9.11 EFFECT OF DUCT END REFLECTIONS
9.12 DUCT BREAK-OUT NOISE
9.12.1 Break-out Sound Transmission
9.12.2 Break-in Sound Transmission
9.13 LINED PLENUM ATTENUATOR
9.13.1 Wells’ Method
9.13.2 ASHRAE Method
9.13.3 More Complex Methods (Cummings and Ih)
9.14 WATER INJECTION
9.15 DIRECTIVITY OF EXHAUST DUCTS
CHAPTER 10 VIBRATION CONTROL
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 VIBRATION ISOLATION
10.2.1 Single-degree-of-freedom Systems
10.2.1.1 Surging in Coil Springs
10.2.2 Four-isolator Systems
10.2.3 Two-stage Vibration Isolation
10.2.4 Practical Isolator Considerations
10.2.4.1 Lack of Stiffness of Equipment Mounted on Isolators
10.2.4.2 Lack of Stiffness of Foundations
10.2.4.3 Superimposed Loads on Isolators
10.3 TYPES OF ISOLATORS
10.3.1 Rubber.
10.3.2 Metal Springs
10.3.3 Cork
10.3.4 Felt
10.3.5 Air Springs
10.4 VIBRATION ABSORBERS
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Tags: David Bies, Colin Hansen, Engineering Noise, Theory and Practice