Encyclopedia of Polymer Blends Volume 3 Structure 1st Edition by Avraam Isayev ISBN 978-3527319312 352731931X

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Product details: 

ISBN 10:  352731931X

ISBN 13:  978-3527319312

Author: Avraam I. Isayev 

A complete and timely overview of the topic, this Encyclopedia imparts knowledge of fundamental principles and their applications for academicians, scientists and researchers, while informing engineers, industrialists and entrepreneurs of the current state of the technology and its utilization.

• The most comprehensive source on polymer blends available on the market
• Offers a complete and timely overview of the topic
• Each article presents up to date research & development on a topic and its basic principles and applications, integrates case studies, laboratory and pilot plant experiments, and gives due reference to published and patented literature
• Equips academics, scientists and researchers with knowledge of fundamentals principles and their applications, and informs the engineers, industrialists and entrepreneurs about the state of the art technology and its applications

Table of contents: 

1. Glass-Transition Phenomena in Polymer Blends

• 1.1 Introduction

• 1.2 Phenomenology and Theories of the Glass Transition

  • 1.2.1 Thermodynamic Phase Transitions

  • 1.2.2 Structural, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Aspects

  • 1.2.3 Relaxation Dynamics and Fragility

    • 1.2.3.1 Relaxations in Glass-Forming Materials

    • 1.2.3.2 The Concept of Fragility

  • 1.2.4 Theoretical Approaches to the Glass Transition

    • 1.2.4.1 General Overview

    • 1.2.4.2 Energy Landscapes and Many-Molecule Relaxation Dynamics

    • 1.2.4.3 Approaches with an Underlying Avoided Dynamical Transition

    • 1.2.4.4 Models Showing a Thermodynamic (or Static) Critical Point

    • 1.2.4.5 Percolative Phenomena in Glass Formation

• 1.3 Manipulating the Glass Transition

  • 1.3.1 Effects of Chemical Structure

  • 1.3.2 Externally Controlled Processes or Treatments

    • 1.3.2.1 Pressure Effects

    • 1.3.2.2 Crystallization Effects

    • 1.3.2.3 Plasticizer Effects

    • 1.3.2.4 Filler Effects

    • 1.3.2.5 Cross-linker Effects

    • 1.3.2.6 Geometric Confinement Effects

• 1.4 Experimental Means of Determination

  • 1.4.1 Calorimetric Techniques

  • 1.4.2 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA)

  • 1.4.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)

  • 1.4.4 Dielectric Analysis (DEA)

• 1.5 Blend Morphology and Glass Transitions

  • 1.5.1 Miscibility and Phase Boundaries in Polymer Blends

  • 1.5.2 State of Dispersion and the Glass Transition

• 1.6 Analyzing Glass Transitions in Single-Phase Systems

  • 1.6.1 Shape Characteristics and Strength of the Transition

  • 1.6.2 Description and Interpretation of Tg versus Composition Behaviors

    • 1.6.2.1 Specific Volumes or Flexible Bonds Additivity Models

    • 1.6.2.2 Additivity of Free Volumes

    • 1.6.2.3 Predictions Based on Thermodynamic Considerations

    • 1.6.2.4 Empirical Concentration Power Tg (w) Equations and Systems’ Complexity

    • 1.6.2.5 Dynamically Heterogeneous Miscible Blends

• 1.7 Case Studies

  • 1.7.1 Miscibility Achievement via Chemical Modification

  • 1.7.2 Microstructure of the Amorphous Phase in Semicrystalline Blends

  • 1.7.3 Ternary Polymer Blends: Phase Behavior and Glass Transitions

• 1.8 Concluding Remarks

• Abbreviations

• Symbols

• Greek Symbols

• References

2. Crystallization and Melting Behavior in Polymer Blends

• 2.1 Introduction

• 2.2 Miscibility of Polymer Blends

• 2.3 Miscible Blends

  • 2.3.1 Crystalline/Amorphous Polymer Blends

  • 2.3.2 Glass Transition and Melting Behavior

    • 2.3.2.1 Melting Point Depression

  • 2.3.3 Crystallization

  • 2.3.4 Spherulite Growth Rate of the Crystallizable Component

  • 2.3.5 Overall Crystallization Kinetics

    • 2.3.5.1 Isothermal Kinetics

    • 2.3.5.2 Nonisothermal Kinetics

  • 2.3.6 Crystalline/Crystalline Polymer Blends

• 2.4 Immiscible Blends

  • 2.4.1 Blends with an Amorphous Dispersed Phase in a Crystallizable Matrix

    • 2.4.1.1 Nucleation of the Crystalline Phase

    • 2.4.1.2 Spherulite Growth Rate of the Crystalline Phase

    • 2.4.1.3 Overall Crystallization Kinetics

    • 2.4.1.4 Glass Transition of the Amorphous Component and Melting Behavior of the Crystalline Matrix in Immiscible Polymer Blends

  • 2.4.2 Blends with a Crystallizable Dispersed Phase in an Amorphous Matrix

    • 2.4.2.1 Fractionated Crystallization

    • 2.4.2.2 Determination of the Number Density of Heterogeneities

  • 2.4.3 Effect of the Fillers on the Crystallization of Immiscible Polymer Blends

• 2.5 Compatibilized Polymer Blends

  • 2.5.1 Addition of Blocks or Graft Copolymers

  • 2.5.2 Reactive Compatibilization

    • 2.5.2.1 Reactive Compatibilization in Bio-based Polymer Blends

  • 2.5.3 Crystallization of Compatibilized Blends

    • 2.5.3.1 Differences Between the Crystallization Behaviors of Polymer Blends and Copolymers

  • 2.5.4 The role of Transesterification on the Miscibility and Morphology of Polyester Blends

• 2.6 Summary and Conclusions

• 2.7 Nomenclature

  • 2.7.1 Abbreviations

  • 2.7.2 Notations

  • 2.7.3 Symbols

    • 2.7.3.1 Roman Letters

    • 2.7.3.2 Greek Letters

• References

3. Morphology and Structure of Crystalline/Crystalline Polymer Blends

• 3.1 Introduction

• 3.2 Systems with Small Melting Point Difference

  • 3.2.1 Preliminary Study on Morphology and Structure of PES/PEO Blends

  • 3.2.2 Effect of Blend Composition on the Formation of Interpenetrating Spherulites of PES/PEO Blends

  • 3.2.3 Effect of Crystallization Temperature on the Crystalline Morphologies of PES/PEO Blends

• 3.3 Systems with Large Melting Point Difference

  • 3.3.1 Crystallization Behavior of the High-Tm Component in Miscible Polymer Blends

  • 3.3.2 Crystallization Behavior of Low-Tm Component in Miscible Polymer Blends

  • 3.3.3 Morphology and Structure of Blend Systems with Large Melting Point Difference

• 3.4 Concluding Remarks

• Acknowledgment

• References

4. Rubber–Plastic Blends: Structure–Property Relationship

• 4.1 Introduction: Key Challenges

• 4.2 Rubber Toughening of Thermoplastics

  • 4.2.1 Mechanism

  • 4.2.2 Morphology

  • 4.2.3 Failure Process

• 4.3 Models for Rubber Toughening of Plastics

  • 4.3.1 Crazing Model

  • 4.3.2 Interparticle Distance Model

  • 4.3.3 Percolation Models

• 4.4 Characterization of Rubber–Plastic Blends

  • 4.4.1 Glass Transition

  • 4.4.2 Dynamic Mechanical Characterization

  • 4.4.3 Calorimetric Methods

  • 4.4.4 Dielectric Characterization

  • 4.4.5 Morphology/Microscopy

    • 4.4.6 Optical Microscopy

    • 4.4.7 Transmission Electron Microscopy

    • 4.4.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy

    • 4.4.9 Atomic Force Microscopy

    • 4.4.10 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

    • 4.4.11 X-Ray Microscopy

    • 4.4.12 Scattering Methods: Light, X-Ray, and Neutron

      • 4.4.13 X-Ray Scattering

      • 4.4.14 Neutron Scattering

      • 4.4.15 Neutron Reflectivity

      • 4.4.16 Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy

      • 4.4.17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

      • 4.4.18 Spectroscopic Methods

      • 4.4.19 Infrared Spectroscopy

      • 4.4.20 UV–Visible Spectroscopy

      • 4.4.21 Raman Spectroscopy

      • 4.4.22 Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Nonradiative Energy Transfer and Excimer Fluorescence

      • 4.4.23 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

      • 4.4.24 Vapor Sorption and Solvent Probe Techniques

      • 4.4.25 Characterization of Interfacial Properties

• 4.5 Experimental Rubber–Plastic Blends

  • 4.5.1 Early Work

  • 4.5.2 Blends of Polyvinyl Chloride

  • 4.5.3 Blends of Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers

  • 4.5.4 Blends of Polyamides

  • 4.5.5 Blends of Isotactic Polypropylene

    • 4.5.5.1 With Ethylene–Propylene Copolymer Rubber

    • 4.5.5.2 With Ethylene–Isotactic Propylene Copolymers

    • 4.5.5.3 With Higher α-Olefin Rubber

    • 4.5.5.4 With Ethylene–Butene-1 Copolymer

    • 4.5.5.5 With Ethylene–Hexene-1 Copolymer

    • 4.5.5.6 With Ethylene–Octene-1 Copolymer

  • 4.5.6 Tensile Properties

  • 4.5.7 Structure in Injection-Molded Specimens

  • 4.5.8 Impact Performance

  • 4.5.9 Poly(butene-1) as Semicrystalline Rubber

  • 4.5.10 Styrene Block Polymer Rubber

• 4.6 Thermoplastic Vulcanizates

  • 4.6.1 Nonpolar Rubber with Nonpolar Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.1.1 EPDM Elastomer with iPP Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.1.2 Natural Rubber Elastomer with PE Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.1.3 Natural Rubber Elastomer with Polypropylene Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.1.4 Butyl Rubber Elastomer with Polypropylene Thermoplastic

  • 4.6.2 Polar Rubber with Nonpolar Plastic

    • 4.6.2.1 NBR Elastomer with iPP Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.2.2 Acrylate Rubber with iPP Thermoplastic

  • 4.6.3 Nonpolar Rubber with Polar Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.3.1 EPDM Rubber with PA6 Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.3.2 EPDM Rubber with PBT Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.3.3 EPDM Rubber with iPP + PA6 Thermoplastic

  • 4.6.4 Polar Rubber with Polar Thermoplastic

    • 4.6.4.1 Acrylate Elastomer with Polyester Thermoplastic

• 4.7 Blends Made during Polymerization

  • 4.7.1 Gum Elastomers

    • 4.7.1.1 Diene Rubbers

    • 4.7.1.2 Ethylene-Based Elastomers

    • 4.7.1.3 Ethylene Copolymers

    • 4.7.1.4 Ionomers

  • 4.7.2 Emulsion Rubbers

  • 4.7.3 Core–Shell Graft Polymers

  • 4.7.4 Block Polymers

    • 4.7.4.1 Butadiene–Styrene Block Copolymers

• 4.8 Conclusions

• References

5. Morphology of Rubber/Rubber Blends

• 5.1 Introduction

• 5.2 Characterization Techniques for Rubber Blends

  • 5.2.1 Optical Microscopy

  • 5.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy

  • 5.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy

  • 5.2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy

  • 5.2.5 Dynamic Testing

  • 5.2.6 Thermal Analysis

• 5.3 Effect of Material Parameters and Processing on Structure and Morphology of Rubber Blends

• 5.4 Distribution of Fillers and Cure Balance in Rubber Blends

  • 5.4.1 Distribution of Fillers in Rubber Blends

  • 5.4.2 Migration of Curatives in Rubber Blends

• 5.5 Morphology and Properties of Different Rubber Blends

  • 5.5.1 Blends Containing NR

  • 5.5.2 Blends Containing BR

  • 5.5.3 Blends Containing SBR

  • 5.5.4 Blends Containing EPDM

  • 5.5.5 Blends Containing Butyl Rubber

  • 5.5.6 Blends Containing NBR

  • 5.5.7 Blends Containing CR

  • 5.5.8 Blends Containing Silicone Rubber

  • 5.5.9 Blends Containing Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (HNBR)

• 5.6 Conclusions

• References

6. Phase Morphology and Properties of Ternary Polymer Blends

• 6.1 Introduction

• 6.2 Miscibility of Polymers in Ternary Polymer Blends

• 6.3 Formation of Phase Morphology

  • 6.3.1 Prediction of Phase Morphologies of Polymer Blends

    • 6.3.1.1 Binary Blends

    • 6.3.2 Ternary Polymer Blends

  • 6.3.3 Encapsulated Morphologies: Influence of Different Factors

    • 6.3.3.1 Blend Composition

    • 6.3.3.2 Kinetic Factors

    • 6.3.3.3 Morphological Types

    • 6.3.3.4 Multiple Percolated Structures

    • 6.3.3.5 Partial Wetting Morphology

  • 6.3.4 Ternary Blends with Separated Dispersed Phases

    • 6.3.4.1 Effects of Interaction between Dispersed Phases

    • 6.3.4.2 Ternary Systems with One Solid Phase – Proof of the Mechanism of Phase Interaction

• 6.4 Properties of T

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Tags: Avraam Isayev, Encyclopedia of Polymer, Volume 3