(Ebook PDF) Dielectric Relaxation in Biological Systems Physical Principles Methods and Applications 1st Edition by Valerica Raicu, Yuri Feldman ISBN 9780191510045 0191510041 full chapters

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ISBN 10:0191510041

ISBN 13:9780191510045

Author: Valerica Raicu, Yuri Feldman

Table of Contents:

• Part 1 Theoretical Background
• 1.1 Elementary Theory of the Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields with Dielectric Materials
• Yuri Feldman, Paul Ben Ishai, Alexander Puzenko,and Valerică Raicu
• 1.1.1 Electrical Polarization
• 1.1.1.1 Dielectric Polarization in Static Electric Fields
• 1.1.1.2 An Overview of Different Polarization Processes in Atomic and Molecular Dielectrics
• 1.1.1.3 Interactions between Dipoles
• 1.1.2 Dielectric Properties in Time-Dependent Fields
• 1.1.2.1 Complex Dielectric Permittivity and Complex Conductivity
• 1.1.2.2 Relaxation Function
• 1.1.3 Deviations from Debye-Type Behavior
• 1.1.3.1 Phenomenological Dispersion and Relaxation Functions
• 1.1.3.2 Time-Domain Behavior of Dispersion Functions of Havriliak–Negami Type
• 1.1.3.3 Distributions of Relaxation Times as a Means to Relate Time to Frequency Domain
• 1.1.4 Diffusion and Transport in Dielectrics
• 1.1.4.1 Rotational Diffusion
• 1.1.4.2 A Fractal Interpretation of the Non-Debye Behavior
• 1.1.4.3 Percolation Phenomena
• References
• 1.2 Theory of Suspensions of Particles in Homogeneous Fields
• Valerică Raicu
• 1.2.1 Maxwell–Wagner Polarization and Relaxation
• 1.2.1.1 Brief Overview
• 1.2.1.2 Origin of the Interfacial Polarization: Layered Dielectrics
• 1.2.2 Suspensions of Homogeneous Particles Distributed at Random in an Electrolyte
• 1.2.2.1 Spherical Particles
• 1.2.2.2 Suspensions of Ellipsoidal Particles in Homogeneous Electric Fields
• 1.2.3 Inhomogeneous Particles
• 1.2.3.1 The Single-Shell Model of Spherical Particles
• 1.2.3.2 Multi-Shell Models for Spherical Particles
• 1.2.3.3 The Simplified Two-Shell Model
• 1.2.3.4 Model for Shelled Ellipsoidal Particles
• 1.2.4 Concentrated Suspensions
• 1.2.4.1 The Böttcher–Polder–Van Santen Correction for the Far-Field Effect—the Substitution M
• 1.2.4.2 The Bruggeman–Hanai Correction for the Far-Field Effect—the Integral Method
• 1.2.5 Practical Implementation of Particle Suspension Models
• 1.2.5.1 Implementation of Realistic Cell Models
• 1.2.5.2 Numerical Calculation of Permittivity of Concentrated Suspensions
• References
• 1.3 Dielectric Models and Computer Simulations for Complex Aggregates
• Valerică Raicu, Katsuhisa Sekine, and Koji Asami
• 1.3.1 Introduction
• 1.3.2 Modeling Cellular Aggregation by Incorporating Near-Field Corrections
• 1.3.2.1 Dipole–Dipole Interactions in Random Suspensions of Aggregates
• 1.3.2.2 Useful Particular Cases of the Aggregate Model
• 1.3.2.3 Looyenga–Landau–Lifshitz Theory for Percolative Fractal Structures
• 1.3.3 Electrical-Element Method for Modeling Cantorian Fractals
• 1.3.3.1 Theoretical Models for Rough Interfaces and Cantorian Trees
• 1.3.3.2 Computations for Frequency Spectra of Permittivity and Conductivity
• 1.3.4 Numerical Modeling of Cell Aggregates
• 1.3.4.1 Simple Aggregates
• 1.3.4.2 Complex Aggregates
• References
• Part 2 Experimental Methods and Techniques
• 2.1 Experimental Methods
• Udo Kaatze, Yuri Feldman, Paul Ben Ishai, Anna Greenbaum (Gutina), and Valerică Raicu
• 2.1.1 Electromagnetic Waves and Dielectric Spectroscopy
• 2.1.1.1 Sample Cells Much Smaller than the Wavelengths of the Field
• 2.1.1.2 Measurement Probe Size Comparable to the Wavelength of the Field
• 2.1.1.3 Sample Size Much Larger than the Wavelength of the Field
• 2.1.2 Audio- and Radiofrequency Methods
• 2.1.2.1 Automatic RLC Bridges and Impedance Analyzers
• 2.1.2.2 Time-Domain Spectrometers
• 2.1.2.3 Choice of Measurement Cells and Corrections for Spurious Contributions
• 2.1.3 Microwave Methods
• 2.1.3.1 Distributed Transmission Line and Resonator Structures
• 2.1.3.2 Broadband Coaxial Line Technology
• 2.1.3.3 Miniaturized Structures
• 2.1.3.4 Spectroscopic Imaging
• References
• 2.2 Electrode Polarization
• Yuri Feldman, Paul Ben Ishai, and Valerică Raicu
• 2.2.1 Introduction
• 2.2.1.1 Overview of the Physical Phenomena
• 2.2.1.2 The Problem
• 2.2.2 Physical and Electrochemical Models for Electrode Polarization
• 2.2.2.1 The Gouy–Chapman–Stern Model
• 2.2.2.2 Equivalent Circuits with Lumped Elements
• 2.2.2.3 Circuits with Distributed Elements
• 2.2.2.4 Summing up the Discussion
• 2.2.3 Reduction of EP Contributions through Electrode Treatments
• 2.2.3.1 Platinum Black
• 2.2.3.2 Blocking Electrodes
• 2.2.4 Data Post-Processing Techniques for EP Contribution Correction
• 2.2.4.1 The Substitution Method
• 2.2.4.2 Frequency- and Time-Variation Approaches
• 2.2.4.3 The Frequency-Derivative Method
• 2.2.4.4 Comparison and Substitution Methods
• 2.2.4.5 Methods Based on Data Fitting to Theoretical Models
• 2.2.5 Hardware-Based Techniques
• 2.2.5.1 Electrode Distance Variation Technique
• 2.2.5.2 Four-Electrode Techniques
• 2.2.5.3 Electrode-Less Methods Based on Electromagnetic Induction
• 2.2.6 Conclusion
• References
• 2.3 Analysis of Experimental Data and Fitting Problems
• Anna Greenbaum (Gutina), Paul Ben Ishai, and Yuri Feldman
• 2.3.1 Brief Overview
• 2.3.1.1 Dielectric Dispersion Functions
• 2.3.1.2 Representation of Dielectric Data
• 2.3.2 Modeling Dielectric Processes
• 2.3.2.1 Electrode Polarization in Dielectric Modeling
• 2.3.2.2 Exploiting the Kramers–Krönig Relationships
• 2.3.2.3 Building the Model Function
• 2.3.3 An Example from the Literature
• 2.3.4 Summary
• References
• Part 3 Applications
• 3.1 Dielectric Relaxation of Water
• Udo Kaatze
• 3.1.1 Structure and Dielectric Properties of Water
• 3.1.1.1 Architecture of the Water Molecule and Water Structure
• 3.1.1.2 Dielectric Spectrum of Water
• 3.1.1.3 Wait-and-Switch Relaxation Model
• 3.1.1.4 Hydrogen Ions and the pH
• 3.1.2 Microwave Permittivity Spectra of Aqueous Solutions
• 3.1.2.1 Experimental Data
• 3.1.2.2 Hydration Model
• 3.1.2.3 The Dipole–Matrix Interaction Concept
• 3.1.3 Static Permittivity of Water and Aqueous Systems
• 3.1.3.1 Dipole Orientation Correlation Factor of Water
• 3.1.3.2 Non-Dipolar Solutes: Mixture Relations
• 3.1.3.3 Electrolyte Solutions, Dielectric Saturation, and Kinetic Depolarization
• 3.1.4 Dipolar Relaxation of Water and Simple Aqueous Solutions
• 3.1.4.1 Hydration Water Relaxation Times
• 3.1.4.2 Water as a Glass Former
• 3.1.4.3 Proton Motions
• 3.1.5 Concluding Remarks
• References
• 3.2 Amino Acids and Peptides
• Irina Ermolina and Yuri Feldman
• 3.2.1 Introduction
• 3.2.1.1 Dielectric Properties of Aqueous Solutions of Amino Acids
• 3.2.2 Oligopeptides and Polypeptides
• References
• 3.3 Dielectric Spectroscopy of Hydrated Biomacromolecules
• Masahiro Nakanishi and Alexei P. Sokolov
• 3.3.1 Introduction
• 3.3.2 Methods for Sample Preparation
• 3.3.2.1 Amorphous and Crystalline States
• 3.3.2.2 Sample Shapes Employed in Measurements
• 3.3.2.3 Hydration Control
• 3.3.3 Effects of Sample Heterogeneity on Powder Measurements
• 3.3.3.1 Interfacial Effects
• 3.3.3.2 Difficulties Caused by Use of an Insulator between Electrodes and Sample
• 3.3.4 Spectral Features and their Assignments
• 3.3.4.1 The Main Process
• 3.3.4.2 High-Frequency Observations and Comparison to Solution States
• 3.3.4.3 Comparison between Different Probes
• 3.3.5 Processes Slower or Faster Than the Main Process
• 3.3.5.1 Slow Process
• 3.3.5.2 AI Slow Process
• 3.3.5.3 Faster Process
• 3.3.6 Glass Transition and Dynamic Transition
• 3.3.6.1 Definition of the Concept and Literature Review Based on Non-Dielectric Data
• 3.3.6.2 Dielectric Investigation of Glass Transition in Protein Powders
• 3.3.7 Concluding Remarks
• References
• 3.4 Proteins in Solutions and Natural Membranes
• Irina Ermolina, Yoshihito Hayashi, Valerică Raicu, and Yuri Feldman
• 3.4.1 Introduction
• 3.4.2 Proteins in Aqueous Solutions
• 3.4.2.1 Dielectric Properties of Dilute Globular Protein Solutions
• 3.4.2.2 Concentration Dependence
• 3.4.3 Structural Modification and Protein–Ligand Interaction
• 3.4.3.1 Glucose Oxidase Modification
• 3.4.3.2 Hinge-Bending Motion
• 3.4.4 Effects of pH, Temperature, and Denaturant on Protein Dynamics
• 3.4.4.1 pH-Dependent Dimerization
• 3.4.4.2 Thermal Denaturation
• 3.4.4.3 Denaturation by Urea
• 3.4.5 Proteins in Membranes
• 3.4.5.1 Bacteriorhodopsin and Ferroelectric-Like Behavior
• 3.4.5.2 Membrane Proteins in Living Cells
• References
• 3.5 Dielectric Properties of Polyelectrolytes and Lipid Vesicles
• Federico Bordi and Stefano Sarti
• 3.5.1 Introduction
• 3.5.1.1 Polyelectrolytes
• 3.5.1.2 Lipid Vesicles
• 3.5.2 Dielectric Spectra of Polyelectrolyte Solutions
• 3.5.2.1 Dielectric Response and Counterion Polarization
• 3.5.2.2 The Scaling Model and the Effect of Concentration on the Relaxation Parameters
• 3.5.2.3 The High-Frequency Relaxation of Water
• 3.5.2.4 What Kind of Information May be Obtained from the Analysis of Dielectric Spectra of a Polyel
• 3.5.3 Electrical Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte
• 3.5.4 Dielectric Spectra of Lipid Vesicles in Aqueous Solutions
• 3.5.5 Studying Polyelectrolyte–Liposome Interactions with Dielectric Methods
• 3.5.5.1 Dielectric Properties
• 3.5.5.2 Conductometric Properties
• 3.5.6 Conclusions and Outlook
• References
• 3.6 Radiofrequency Dielectric Properties of Cell Suspensions
• Koji Asami
• 3.6.1 Introduction
• 3.6.1.1 Overview of Dielectric Dispersion of Cell Suspensions
• 3.6.1.2 Organization of the Chapter
• 3.6.2 Modeling of Cells for Analysis of β-Dispersion
• 3.6.2.1 Simple and Composite Cells
• 3.6.2.2 Cell Shape Effects
• 3.6.3 Electrical Properties of Cell Components as Inferred From the β-Dispersion
• 3.6.3.1 Plasma Membrane
• 3.6.3.2 Cytoplasm
• 3.6.3.3 Effects of Layers External to the Plasma Membrane
• 3.6.4 Membrane Properties Associated with α-Dispersion
• 3.6.4.1 Surface Charges
• 3.6.4.2 Membrane Folding
• 3.6.4.3 Membrane Disruption
• 3.6.4.4 Mobile Charges in Membranes
• References
• 3.7 Dielectric Properties of Blood and Blood Components
• Yoshihito Hayashi and Koji Asami
• 3.7.1 Dielectric Properties of Red Blood Cells
• 3.7.1.1 Effects of Erythrocyte Morphology
• 3.7.1.2 Temporal Changes of Preserved Erythrocytes
• 3.7.1.3 Effect of Glucose
• 3.7.2 Blood Cell Aggregation
• 3.7.2.1 Rouleaux Formation
• 3.7.2.2 Blood Coagulation
• 3.7.3 Dielectric Properties of Other Blood Cells
• 3.7.3.1 Healthy Leukocytes
• 3.7.3.2 Malignant Leukocytes
• References
• 3.8 Glucose Detection from Skin Dielectric Measurements
• Andreas Caduff and Marks Talary
• 3.8.1 Introduction
• 3.8.2 Overview of Diabetes as a Disease
• 3.8.3 Physiological Effects of Glucose Changes
• 3.8.3.1 Electrolytes
• 3.8.3.2 Morphology of Skin and Distribution of Microvascular Blood
• 3.8.3.3 Temperature and Chronobiology
• 3.8.4 Impact of Various Physiological Parameters on Dielectric Properties
• 3.8.4.1 Changes Caused by Blood Perfusion
• 3.8.4.2 Effect of Temperature Changes
• 3.8.4.3 Humidity as a Perturbing Factor
• 3.8.5 Dielectric Sensors
• 3.8.5.1 Tissue Measurement
• 3.8.6 Roadmap to Future Developments
• References
• Appendix A The Kramers–Krönig Relations
• Appendix B Dielectric Spectra Broadening as the Signature of Dipole–Matrix Interaction
• Appendix C H Functions
• Appendix D Relaxation Kinetics

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Valerica Raicu,Yuri Feldman,Biological Systems,Dielectric Relaxation,Physical Principles Methods