Dancing with Light Advances in Photofunctional Liquid Crystalline Materials 1st Edition by Haifeng Yu ISBN 978-9814411110 9814411110

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Product details: 

ISBN 10:  9814411110

ISBN 13: 978-9814411110

Author: Haifeng Yu 

Liquid crystal (LC) displays dominating in the present market of flat panel displays are generally based on interactions of light and LCs. Recent progress in this field indicates that integrating photochromic molecules into LC materials enables one to photomanipulate unique features such as photoinduced phase transition, photocontrolled alignment, and phototriggered molecular cooperative motion, giving birth to their novel applications beyond displays. For instance, on connecting with three-dimensionally crosslinked elastomers, LCs show photomechanical and photomobile properties, converting light energy directly into mechanical work. Combining supramolecular cooperative motion with microphase separation of well-defined block copolymers, they exhibit controllable regular nanostructures on a macroscopic scale with excellent reproducibility and mass production.

This book first introduces the basic knowledge on LCs in a step-by-step manner and then deeply discusses photoresponsive LCs in low-molecular-weight compounds or small molecules, polymers or macromolecules, elastomers, and block copolymers, respectively. The engrossing photoresponsive LC materials offer an effective and convenient chance to adjust properties of advanced materials by integrating photoresponsive molecules with LC properties, which has become one of the emerging topics in the present and future LC researches. This book comprehensively compiles the nature of this type of materials and the ongoing progress in this research area and uses graphs and figures extensively to enhance understanding especially of beginners. This book would be useful for students and primary researchers in soft materials and self-organized materials in both chemistry and physics. It may also serve as a reference for experienced researchers to keep up the current research trends in photoresponsive LC materials.

Table of contents: 

1. Introduction

1.1 What is a Liquid Crystal?

1.2 Brief History

1.3 LC Classifications

1.4 LC Phases

1.5 Characterization Methods

1.5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

1.5.2 Polarizing Optical Microscopy

1.5.3 X-Ray Diffraction

1.5.4 Heating Glass Tubes

1.5.5 Miscible with an LC Sample

1.5.6 Other Methods

2. Structures and Properties

2.1 Basic Structures

2.1.1 Mesogenic Core Ring

2.1.2 Central Linking Groups

2.1.3 End Groups

2.1.4 Lateral Substituents

2.2 Some Physical Parameters

2.2.1 Order Parameter

2.2.2 Mechanical Properties (Elastic Constant)

2.2.3 Electrical Properties (Dielectric Anisotropy)

2.2.4 Magnetic Anisotropy (Diamagnetism)

2.2.5 Optical Anisotropy (Birefringence)

2.2.6 Fréedericksz Transition

2.3 LC Alignment

2.3.1 Rubbing Technique

2.3.2 Microgroove Method

2.3.3 Electric and Magnetic Fields

2.3.4 Surfactant Dipping and LB Membrane

2.3.5 Supramolecular Self-Assembly

2.3.6 Oblique Evaporation

2.3.7 Ionic and Plasma Beams

Photoalignment

2.4.1 Photoisomerization (Command Surface)

2.4.2 Photocrosslinking (or Linearly Photodimerized) Reaction

2.4.3 Photodegradation (Photoactive Polyimide)

3. Light and Liquid Crystals

3.1 Photochemical Reactions

3.2 Photoinduced Alignment and Reorientation of LCs

3.2.1 Photoresponse to Linearly Polarized Light

3.2.2 Thermal Effect on Photoalignment

3.2.3 Thermal Enhancement of Photoalignment in Photocrosslinkable LCs

3.2.4 Photoresponse to Unpolarized Light

3.3 Photomodulation of LCs

4. Low-Molecular-Weight Liquid Crystals

4.1 Photoinduced Phase Transition

4.1.1 Photoinduced Phase Transition in Pure Photochromic LMWLCs

4.1.2 Photoinduced Phase Transition in Azobenzene-Doped LCs

4.1.3 Photoinduced Phase Transition in LCs Doped with other Dyes

4.1.4 Photoinduced Phase Transition in LMWLCs-Polymer Composites

4.2 Phototunning of Cholesteric LCs

4.2.1 General Principles

4.2.2 Phototuning CLCs with Photoisomerization

4.2.3 Phototuning with other Chromophores

4.2.4 Possible Applications

4.3 Photochemical Flip of Polarization of Ferroelectric LCs

4.4 Phototriggered Sol-Gel Transition in LMWLC Organogels

4.5 Photocontrolled Orientation by Photophysical Processes

4.6 Photodriven Motion of LMWLCS

5. Liquid Crystal Polymers

5.1 Photochemical Phase Transition

5.1.1 Copolymers and Polymer Composites

5.1.2 Homopolymers

5.2 Photoinduced Cooperative Motion

5.3 Photoinduced Large Change in Birefringence

5.4 Polarized Electroluminescence (EL)

5.5 Holographic Recording

5.5.1 Holographic Applications

5.5.2   Recording Gratings with LC Alignment

Changes

5.5.3 Recording Gratings with Photoinduced Phase Transition

 

5.6

5.5.4

Subwavelength Gratings

5.5.5

Mechanically Tunable Gratings

5.5.6

Bragg-Type Gratings

Other Applications

5.6.1

Photocontrol of Functional Materials

5.6.2 Photocontrolled Nanostructures

5.6.3 Photorewritable Paper

5.6.4 Photoswitching of Gas Permeation

5.6.5 Photodriven Motions

6. Liquid Crystal Elastomers

6.1 Preparation of LCES

6.1.1 Polymerization of LC Mixture of Monomers and Crosslinkers

6.1.2 Physical Crosslinking Method

6.1.3 Photochemical Phase Transition

6.1.4 Photoinduced Contraction and Expansion

6.2 Two-Step Method

6.3 One-Step Method of Direct Crosslinking of Linear LCPs

6.3 Photoinduced 3D Motions

6.3.1 Photoinduced Bending

6.3.2 Precise Control of Photoinduced Bending

6.3.3 Effect of Order of Mesogen on Photoinduced Bending

6.3.4 Effect of Light Polarization on Photoinduced Bending

6.3.5 Effect of LCE Structures on Photoinduced Bending

6.4 Microscale LCE Actuator

6.4.1 LCE Fibers

6.4.2 LCEs for Artificial Cilia

6.4.3 LCEs with Micromolding

6.4.4 Photocontrol of Surface-Relief Formation

6.5 Novel LCE Materials and Photomechanical Ways

6.5.1 Recyclable Hydrogen-Bonded LCES

6.5.2 Dye-Doped LCES

6.5.3 Twisted LCES

6.5.4 Hummingbird Movement

6.6 LCE-Laminated Films

7. Liquid-Crystalline Block Copolymers

7.1 Synthesis of Well-Defined LCBCS

7.1.1 Direct Polymerization

7.1.2 Post-Functionalization

7.1.3 Supramolecular Self-Assembly

7.1.4 Special Reactions

7.2 Phase Diagram of LCBCs

7.3 Structures and Properties of LCBCS

7.3.1 Effect of Microphase Separation on LC Phases

7.3.2 Effect of Non-LC Blocks

7.3.3 Effect of LC Blocks

7.4 Control of Microphase Separation

7.4.1 Thermal Annealing

7.4.2 Mechanical Rubbing

7.4.3 Photoalignment

7.4.4 Electric and Magnetic Fields

7.4.5 Other Methods

7.5 Applications

7.5.1 Enhancement of Surface-Relief Gratings

7.5.2 Enhancement of Refractive-Index Modulation

7.5.3 Nanotemplates

7.5.4 Microporous Structures

7.6 Outlooks

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Tags: Haifeng Yu, Dancing with, Light Advances, Photofunctional Liquid Crystalline