Crystallography and Crystal Defects 2nd Edition by Anthony Kelly, Kevin Knowles ISBN 978-0470750148 0470750146
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ISBN 10: 0470750146
ISBN 13: 978-0470750148
Author: Anthony A. Kelly, Kevin M. Knowles
xtensively revised and updated, this new edition of a classic text presents a unified approach to crystallography and to the defects found within crystals. The book combines the classical and exact description of symmetry of a perfect crystal with the possible geometries of the major defects-dislocations, stacking faults, point defects, twins, interfaces and the effects of martensitic transformations. A number of important concepts and exciting new topics have been introduced in this second edition, including piezoelectricity, liquid crystals, nanocrystalline concepts, incommensurate materials and the structure of foamed and amorphous solids. The coverage of quasicrystalline materials has been extended, and the data tables, appendices and references have been fully updated. Reinforcing its unrivalled position as the core text for teaching crystallography and crystal defects, each chapter includes problem sets with brief numerical solutions at the end of the book. Detailed worked solutions, supplementary lecture material and computer programs for crystallographic calculations are provided online (http://booksupport.wiley.com).
Table of contents:
Part I Perfect Crystals
1 Lattice Geometry
1.1 The Unit Cell
1.2 Lattice Planes and Directions
1.3 The Weiss Zone Law
1.4 Symmetry Elements
1.4.1 Translational Symmetry
1.4.2 Rotational Symmetry
1.4.3 Reflection Symmetry
1.5 Restrictions on Symmetry Elements
1.6 Possible Combinations of Rotational Symmetries
1.7 Crystal Systems
1.8 Space Lattices (Bravais Lattices)
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
2 Point Groups and Space Groups
2.1 Macroscopic Symmetry Elements
2.2 Orthorhombic System
2.3 Tetragonal System
2.4 Cubic System
2.5 Hexagonal System
2.6 Trigonal System
2.7 Monoclinic System
2.8 Triclinic System
2.9 Special Forms in the Crystal Classes
2.10 Enantiomorphous Crystal Classes
2.11 Laue Groups
2.12 Space Groups
2.13 Nomenclature for Point Groups and Space Groups
2.14 Groups, Subgroups and Supergroups
2.15 An Example of a Three-Dimensional Space Group
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
3 Crystal Structures
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Common Metallic Structures
3.2.1 Cubic Close-Packed (Fm3m)
3.2.2 Hexagonal Close-Packed (P6/mmc)
3.2.3 Double Hexagonal Close-Packed (P63/mmc)
3.2.4 Body-Centred Cubic (Im3m)
3.3 Related Metallic Structures
3.3.1 Indium (14/mmm)
3.3.2 Mercury (R3m)
3.3.3 B-Sn (14/amd)
3.4 Other Elements and Related Compounds
3.4.1 Diamond (Fd3m)
3.4.2 Graphite (P63/mmc)
3.4.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (P63/mmc)
3.4.4 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth (R3m)
3.5 Simple MX and MX, Compounds
3.5.1 Sodium Chloride, NaCl (Fm3m)
3.5.2 Caesium Chloride, CsCl (Pm3m)
3.5.3 Sphalerite, a-ZnS (F43m)
3.5.4 Wurtzite, B-ZnS (P6,mc)
3.5.5 Nickel Arsenide, NiAs (P6/mmc)
3.5.6 Calcium Fluoride, CaF, (Fm3m)
3.5.7 Rutile, TiO₂ (P4/mnm)
3.6 Other Inorganic Compounds
3.6.1 Perovskite (Pm3m)
3.6.2 a-AL,O, (R3c), FeTiO, (R3) and LiNbO, (R3c)
3.6.3 Spinel (Fd3m), Inverse Spinel and Related Structures
3.6.4 Garnet (Ia3d)
3.6.5 Calcite, CaCO (R3c)
3.7 Interatomic Distances
3.8 Solid Solutions
3.9 Polymers
3.10 Additional Crystal Structures and their Designation Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
4 Amorphous Materials and Special Types of Crystal-Solid Aggregates
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Amorphous Materials
4.3 Liquid Crystals
Contain
4.3.1 Nematic Phases
4.3.2 Cholesteric Phases
4.3.3 Smectic Phases
4.4 Geometry of Polyhedra
4.5 Icosahedral Packing
4.6 Quasicrystals
4.6.1 A Little Recent History and a New Definition
4.7 Incommensurate Structures
4.8 Foams, Porous Materials and Cellular Materials Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
5 Tensors
5.1 Nature of a Tensor
5.2 Transformation of Components of a Vector
5.3 Dummy Suffix Notation
5.4 Transformation of Components of a Second-Rank Tensor
5.5 Definition of a Tensor of the Second Rank
5.6 Tensor of the Second Rank Referred to Principal Axes
5.7 Limitations Imposed by Crystal Symmetry for Second-Rank Tensors
5.8 Representation Quadric
5.9 Radius-Normal Property of the Representation Quadric
5.10 Third- and Fourth-Rank Tensors
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
6 Strain, Stress, Piezoelectricity and Elasticity
6.1 Strain: Introduction
6.2 Infinitesimal Strain
6.3 Stress
6.4 Piezoelectricity
6.4.1 Class 2
6.4.2 Class 222
6.4.3 Class 23
6.4.4 Class 432
6.4.5 The Converse Effect
6.5
Elasticity of Crystals
6.5.1 Class 1
6.5.2 Class 2
6.5.3 Class 222
6.5.4 Class 23
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
Part II
Imperfect Crystals
7 Glide and Texture
7.1 Translation Glide
7.2 Glide Elements
7.3 Independent Slip Systems
7.4 Large Strains of Single Crystals: The Choice of Glide System
7.5 Large Strains: The Change in the Orientation of the Lattice During Glide
7.6 Texture
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
8 Dislocations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dislocation Motion
8.3 The Force on a Dislocation
8.4 The Distortion in a Dislocated Crystal
8.5 Atom Positions Close to a Dislocation
8.6 The Interaction of Dislocations with One Another Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
9 Dislocations in Crystals
9.1 The Strain Energy of a Dislocation
9.2 Stacking Faults and Partial Dislocations
9.3 Dislocations in C.C.P. Metals
9.4 Dislocations in the Rock Salt Structure
9.5 Dislocations in Hexagonal Metals
9.6 Dislocations in B.C.C. Crystals
9.7 Dislocations in Some Covalent Solids
9.8 Dislocations in Other Crystal Structures
Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
10 Point Defects
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Point Defects in Ionic Crystals
10.3 Point Defect Aggregates
10.4 Point Defect Configurations
10.5 Experiments on Point Defects in Equilibrium
10.6 Experiments on Quenched Metals
10.7 Radiation Damage
10.8 Anelasticity and Point Defect Symmetry Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
11 Twinning
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of Deformation Twinning
11.3 Examples of Twin Structures
11.3.1 C.C.P. Metals
11.3.2 B.C.C. Metals
11.3.3 Sphalerite (Zinc Blende)
11.3.4 Calcite
11.3.5 Hexagonal Metals
11.3.6 Graphite
11.4 Twinning Elements
11.5 The Morphology of Deformation Twinning Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading References
12 Martensitic Transformations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 General Crystallographic Features
12.3 Transformation in Cobalt
12.4 Transformation in Zirconium
12.5 Transformation of Indium-Thallium Alloys
12.6 Transformations in Steels
12.7 Transformations in Copper Alloys
12.8 Transformations in Ni-Ti-Based Alloys
12.9 Transformations in Nonmetals
12.10 Crystallographic Aspects of Nucleation and Growth Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading
References
13 Crystal Interfaces
13.1 The Structure of Surfaces and Surface Free Energy
13.2 Structure and Energy of Grain Boundaries
13.3 Interface Junctions
13.4 The Shapes of Crystals and Grains
13.5 Boundaries between Different Phases
13.6 Strained Layer Epitaxy of Semiconductors Problems
Suggestions for Further Reading References
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Tags: Anthony Kelly, Kevin Knowles, Crystal Defects