Common Pediatric Diseases Current Challenges 1st Edition by Nima Rezaei ISBN 978-9815124194 9815124196
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ISBN 10: 9815124196
ISBN 13: 978-9815124194
Author: Nima Rezaei, Noosha Samieefar
Common Pediatric Diseases: Current Challenges provides an update on different diseases and problems that affect child and adolescent health. The book starts with a quick introduction to challenges in the field of pediatrics and child health. This is followed by chapters on the outcomes of sexting, the integrated care of children with neurodevelopmental disorders, the influence of non-genetic transgenerational inheritance on children and adolescents’ development and the approach to pediatric genetic epilepsy. Additional topics covered in the book include the medical and social outcomes of cardiac diseases along with a review on specific aspects of fetal and neonatal medicine (meconium-stained newborns, transient tachypnea of newborns and fetal tumors). The book also features a chapter on Autism Spectrum Disorder during infancy and its early symptoms. The concluding chapter covers medical futility controversies and end-of-life care.
Table of contents:
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION OF CHALLENGES WITH PEDIATRIC DISEASES
Noosha Samieefar, Delaram J. Ghadimi, Sara Zibadi, Fateme Heydari,
Elham Pourbakhtyaran and Nima Rezaei
INTRODUCTION
ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES
POVERTY AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS
ADOLESCENTS PREGNANCY AND ABORTION
ETHNICITY
MENTAL DISORDERS
DEPRESSION
SUICIDE
BULLYING
SOCIAL MEDIA
CHILD ABUSE
SUBSTANCE ABUSE
ADOPTION AND FOSTER CARE
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS
NATURAL DISASTERS
CHILD INJURY
BREASTFEEDING
CHRONIC ILLNESSES AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
EARLY GENETIC AND PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
PREMATURITY AND LOW BIRTH WEIGHT
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
MALIGNANCY
MEDICAL FUTILITY AND END-OF-LIFE-CARE
HOW TO INTERACT WITH A SICK CHILD
CONCLUSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 2 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES OF SEXTING
Elizabeth Englander, Cheryl E. Sanders and Katalin Parti
INTRODUCTION
SEXTING: POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE OUTCOMES
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 3 THE ROLE OF INTEGRATED SERVICES IN THE CARE OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WITH NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS AND CO-MORBID MENTAL HEALTH DIFFICULTIES: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Hani F. Ayyash, Cornelius Ani and Michael Ogundele
INTRODUCTION
EVIDENCE-BASED DIAGNOSIS OF NDEBID
ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED CARE
The Negative Impact of Disjointed Services for CYP With NDEBIDs and Co-Morbid Mh Disorders
Inefficient Multiple Assessments
Confusing Multiple Referral Pathways
Delays in Accessing the Required Assessment and Treatment
Conflicts Among Professionals
Barriers to Integrated Care for CYP with NDEBIDs and Additional MH Difficulties
Strategic Difficulties in Service Commissioning, Funding and Planning
Limited Evidence-Base
Difficulties Related to Professionals
Benefits of Integrated Care for CYP with NDEBIDs and Co-Morbid MH Difficulties (Box 1)
User Preference and Satisfaction
Improved Equity of Access and Reduced Time to Point-of-Care
Improved Care Efficiency
Improved Protection for More Vulnerable Children
Improved Transitional Care Services for Young People?
Improved Understanding and Cooperation Among Professionals
Reduced Impact of Mental Health Stigma
Alignment with Emerging Government Policy
Integrated Services in the Context of Low and Middle Income Countries
Significant Needs
Resource Gaps
Limited Evidence-Base
DESIRABLE FEATURES OF INTEGRATED SERVICES FOR CYP WITH NDEBID AND CO-MORBID MENTAL HEALTH DIFFICULTIES
Joint Service Commissioning
Adequate and Ring-Fenced Funding
Effective Service Planning and Implementation
Evidence-Based Practice
Continuity of Support
Effective and Motivated Strong Leadership
Professional Training and Continuous Development
Parents’ Training and Psychoeducation
SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES OF INTEGRATED SERVICES FOR OTHER CHRONIC DISORDERS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 4 EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE FOR INFLUENCES OF NON-GENETIC TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE ON CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT
Jean Golding and Yasmin lles-Caven
INTRODUCTION
NOMENCLATURE
EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE
Toxic Metal Exposure
Endocrine Disruptors
HUMAN OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES
Prospective Pedigree
Retrospective Pedigree
PRECONCEPTION EXPOSURES
Famine and Glut
Överkalix and Uppsala
Other Famines
Nutrition in Guatemala
Preconception Smoking Effects
Preconception Radiation Exposure
Other Preconception Exposures
PRENATAL EXPOSURES
Maternal Exposures in Pregnancy
Teratogens and Carcinogens
Famine
Cigarette Smoking
Effects of Grandmothers’ Exposures in Pregnancy on the Grandchild
The Example of DES
Famine during Grandmother’s Pregnancy
The Dutch Hunger Winter
The Chinese Famine 1959-61
Grandmother Smoked During Pregnancy
Radiation
DISCUSSION
General Results
Consistency (Replication)
Specificity
Temporality
Biological gradient
Plausibility
Coherence
Experimental Evidence
Evidence from Biomarkers
CONCLUSION
APPENDIX
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 5 CLINICAL APPROACHES TO GENETIC EPILEPSIES IN CHILDREN
Mario Mastrangelo
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
MOLECULAR GENETIC WORK-UP
ILLUSTRATIVE DISEASES
Channelopathies
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: Dravet Syndrome
Transportopathies
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: GLUTI Deficiency Syndrome
Disorders of the Intermediate Metabolism
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: ALDH7A1 Deficiency
Disorders of Neuronal Cellular Cycle and Signaling
General Aspects
Illustrative Diseases: Disorders of mTOR and GATORI Pathways
Disorders of Synaptic Vesicles Trafficking and Release
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: STXBP1 Encephalopathy
Disorders Involving Neuronal Structural Proteins
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: PCDH19-Related Epilepsy
Disorders of Synaptic Secreted Proteins
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: LGII-Related Epilepsy
Chromosomopathies and Pathogenic Copy Number Variants
General Aspects
Illustrative Disease: 15q13.2-13.3 Microdeletion Syndrome
CONCLUSION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 6 MEDICAL AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF
CARDIAC DISEASES IN CHILDREN
Josephat M. Chinawa and Fortune A. Ujunwa
INTRODUCTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CARDIAC DISEASES IN CHILDREN
MEDICAL AND SOCIAL OUTCOMES
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT
MENTAL HEALTH
THE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF CARDIAC DISEASES MANAGEMENT
THE POSITIVE SOCIAL OUTCOMES OF MANAGEMENT
MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
ECONOMIC BURDEN OF PEDIATRIC HEART DISEASES
Economic Burden
Factors that Contribute to the Increased Economic Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children
Late Referral and Diagnosis
Poor Health Financing
Lack of Health Insurance or Social Welfare System
The Complexity of the Diseases Process and Intervention
Health System Challenges
Family Composition and Socioeconomic Status
Medical Litigation/Malpractice Cost
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 7 MECONIUM STAINED NEWBORN
Mohammad Moonis Akbar Faridi and Sumaiya Shamsi
INTRODUCTION
ETIOLOGY
Etiology and Risk Factors for MSAF
MECONIUM ASPIRATION SYNDROME
Pathophysiology of MAS
Fetal Hypoxia
Mechanical Obstruction of Airways
Surfactant Inactivation
Inflammation and Chemical Pneumonitis
Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
Secondary Infection
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Neonatal Management in the Delivery Room
Management Beyond the Delivery Room
Supportive Therapy and General Measures
Respiratory Support
Mechanical Ventilation
High-Frequency Ventilation
Surfactant Therapy
Corticosteroid Therapy
Antibiotics
Inhaled Nitric oxide
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Future Therapy
CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 8 TRANSIENT TACHYPNEA OF THE NEWBORN
Fahri Ovali
INTRODUCTION
Dynamics of Fetal Lung Fluid
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
PROGNOSIS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 9 FETAL TUMORS: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Forough Jabbari, Parnian Jabbari, Nazanin Taraghikhah, Behnaz Moradiand
Nima Rezaei
INTRODUCTION
THE MOST COMMON PRENATAL TUMORS
Intracranial Tumors
Teratoma
Glioma
Other Intracranial Tumors
Thoracic Tumors
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation (CCAM)
Broncho-Pulmonary Sequestration (BPS)
Pleuro-Pulmonary Blastoma (PPB)
Interstitial Lung Tumors (ILTs)
Heart Rhabdomyoma
Pericardial Teratomas
Other Thoracic Tumors
Intra-Abdominal and Pelvic Tumors
Kidney Tumors
Hepatic Tumors
Pelvic Tumors
Other Significant Tumors and Malignancies
Neuroblastoma
PRENATAL DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
Imaging Modalities
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Prenatal Tissue Sampling
Genetic Studies
MANAGEMENT
Head and Neck Tumors
Thoracic Tumors
Intra-Abdominal Tumors
Pelvic Tumors
Ovarian Masses
PERINATAL CARE AND CONSULTATION
FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 10 AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DURING INFANCY: IMPLICATIONS FOR DIAGNOSIS, PROGNOSIS, AND THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES
Kimia Kazemzadeh, Parnian Shobeiri, Serge Brand and Nima Rezaei
INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER?
MAIN TYPES OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
IMPORTANCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ON THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE
ΝΕΟΝΑΤΑAL RISK FACTORS FOR AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
CLINICAL APPROACH TO AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (CONSIDERING DIFFERENT WAYS OF DIAGNOSIS)
THE AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIC ASSOCIATION’S DIAGNOSTC AND STATISTIC MANUAL, FIFTH EDITION (DSM-5)
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN THE INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASE [ICD-11]
DIFFERENCES IN SIGNS AND PRESENTATIONS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM
DISORDER AMONG TWO GENDERS
SIGNS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER IN INFANTS
IMPORTANCE OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER DIAGNOSIS AS SOON AS
POSSIBLE
INTERVENTIONS TO TREAT AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS [ASD] IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
CHAPTER 11 MEDICAL FUTILITY IN PEDIATRICS: CHALLENGES, HOPES, AND NEW PERSPECTIVES
Ardeshir Khorsand, Zahra Mohajer, Soroush Khojasteh-Kaffash, Zahra
Hosseini Bajestani, Azar Ghasemi, Farbod Ghobadinezhad and Noosha
Samieefar
INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY AND DEFINITION OF MEDICAL FUTILITY IN PEDIATRICS
FROM THE PATERNALISTIC PARADIGM TO THE SHARED DECISION-MAKING MODEL
Dependency on Parents
Autonomy
Family Interaction
The Concept of Suffering in Pediatric Decision-Making
MEDICAL FUTILITY IN THE NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT
Unconventional Medicine
Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
Imminent Demise Futility, Lethal Condition Futility, Qualitative Futility, Ethical Issues
Uncertainty
Resource Allocation
MEDICAL FUTILITY IN THE PEDIATRIC CARE UNIT
Unconventional Medicine
Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
Imminent Demise Futility, Lethal Condition Futility, Qualitative Futility, Ethical Issues
Uncertainty
Resource Allocation
DO-NOT-RESUSCITATE ORDER IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Medical, Lethal, and Ethical Aspects
Opposing Families’ Wishes
Unilateral
MEDICAL FUTILITY IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN DEATH
Confirmation of Brain Death in Pediatric
Brain Death Confirmation, A Bioethical Challenge
Futile Care in Brain-Dead
Parental Refusal of DNC
Genetic Disorders and Congenital Defects
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