Chemistry and Technology of Surfactants 1st Edition by Richard Farn ISBN 978-1405126960 1405126965
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ISBN 10: 1405126965
ISBN 13: 978-1405126960
Author: Richard J. Farn
Surfactants are used throughout industry as components in a huge range of formulated products or as effect chemicals in the production or processing of other materials. A detailed understanding of the basis of their activity is required by all those who use surfactants, yet the new graduate or postgraduate chemist or chemical engineer will generally have little or no experience of how and why surfactants work.
Chemistry & Technology of Surfactants is aimed at new graduate or postgraduate level chemists and chemical engineers at the beginning their industrial careers and those in later life who become involved with surfactants for the first time. The book is a straightforward and practical survey of the chemistry of surfactants and their uses, providing a basic introduction to surfactant theory, information on the various types of surfactant and some application details. This will allow readers to build onto their scientific education the concepts and principles on which the successful use of surfactants, across a wide range of industries, is based.
Table of contents:
1 What Are Surfactants?
1.1 History and applications of surfactants David R. Karsa
1.1.1 Introduction
1.1.2 Properties and other criteria influencing surfactant choice
1.1.3 Surfactant applications
1.1.4 Conclusion
Appendix: Application guide
1.2 Surfactant market overview: importance in different industries Joel Houston
1.2.1 Introduction
1.2.2 Consumer
1.2.3 Industrial
2 The Basic Theory Hatice Gecol
2.1 Molecular structure of surfactants
2.2 Surface activity
2.2.1 Surface tension
2.2.2 Interfacial tension
2.2.3 Surface and interfacial tension reduction
2.2.4 Test methods for surface and interfacial tension measurements
2.3 Self-assembled surfactant aggregates
2.3.1 Micelles and critical micelle concentration
2.3.2 Aggregate structures and shapes
2.4 Adsorption of surfactants at surfaces
2.4.1 Adsorption at liquid-gas and liquid-liquid interfaces
2.4.2 Adsorption at liquid-solid interface
3 Applied Theory of Surfactants Peter Schmiedel and Wolfgang von Rybinski
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Detergency
3.2.1 Fundamental processes
3.2.2 Basic formulae of detergents and cleansers
3.2.3 Adsorption at the solid-liquid interface
3.2.4 Surface tension and wetting
3.2.5 Interplay of surfactants with other detergent ingredients
3.3 Phase behaviour of surfactants
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Surfactant phases
3.3.3 Impact of the phase behaviour on detergency
3.4 Emulsions
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Emulsion types
3.4.3 Breakdown of emulsions
3.5 Foaming and defoaming
3.5.1 Introduction
3.5.2 Stabilising effects in foams
3.5.3 Correlation of foamability with interfacial parameters
3.5.4 Foam control
3.6 Rheology of surfactant solutions
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Rheological terms
3.6.3 Rheological behaviour of monomeric solutions and non-interacting micelles
3.6.4 Entanglement networks of rod-like micelles
3.6.5 The rheological behaviour of bilayer phases
References
4 Anionic Surfactants John Hibbs
4.1 Sulphonates
4.1.1 Alkylbenzene sulphonates
4.1.2 a-Olefin sulphonates
4.1.3 Paraffin sulphonates
4.1.4 Sulphonated methyl esters
4.1.5 Sulphonated fatty acids
4.1.6 Sulphosuccinates
4.2 Sulphates
4.2.1 Alkyl sulphates
4.2.2 Alkyl ether sulphates
4.3 Phosphate esters
4.4 Carboxylates
4.4.1 Soap
4.4.2 Ether carboxylates
4.4.3 Acyl sarcosinates
4.4.4 Alkyl phthalamates
4.4.5 Isethionates
4.4.6 Taurates
References
5 Non-ionic Surfactants Paul Hepworth
5.1 Introduction
5.2 General alkoxylation reactions
5.3 Alkyl phenol ethoxylates
5.4 Fatty alcohol ethoxylates
5.5 Polyoxethylene esters of fatty acids
5.6 Methyl ester ethoxylates
5.7 Polyalkylene oxide block co-polymers
5.8 Amine ethoxylates
5.9 Fatty alkanolamides
5.10 Amine oxides
5.11 Esters of polyhydric alcohols and fatty acids
5.12 Glycol esters
5.13 Glycerol esters
5.14 Polyglycerol esters
5.15 Anhydrohexitol esters
5.16 Polyoxyalkylene polyol esters
5.17 Alkyl poly glucosides
5.18 Gemini surfactants
References
6 Other Types of Surfactants
6.1
Cationics J. Fred Gadberry
6.1.1 Introduction and background
6.1.2 Manufacturing processes
6.1.3 Applications of cationic surfactants
6.1.4 Industrial applications of cationic surfactants
References
6.2 Amphoteric surfactants Richard Otterson
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Aminopropionates and Iminodipropionates
6.2.3 Imidazoline-based amphoteric surfactants
6.2.4 Betaine surfactants
6.2.5 Other amphoteric surfactants
6.2.6 Summary
References
6.3 Silicone surfactants Randal M. Hill
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Structures
6.3.3 Synthesis
6.3.4 Hydrolytic stability
6.3.5 Surface activity
6.3.6 Wetting
6.3.7 Phase behavior
6.3.8 Ternary systems
6.3.9 Applications
References
6.4 Polymerizable surfactants Guido Bognolo
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Reactive surfactants
6.4.3 Emulsion polymerization
Acknowledgements
References
6.5 Fluorinated surfactants Richard R. Thomas
6.5.1 Introduction
6.5.2 Uses
6.5.3 Applied theory
6.5.4 Environmental considerations
6.5.5 Latest developments
References
7 Relevant European Legislation
7.1 Biodegradability Paul J Slater
7.1.1 Biodegradation of surfactants
7.1.2 Sewage treatment plants
7.1.3 Measurement of biodegradability
7.1.4 Legislation
7.1.5 Detergents Regulation
References
7.2 Classification and labelling of surfactants Richard J Farn Acknowledgement
References
7.3 The European Commission’s New Chemicals Strategy (REACH) Philip E. Clark
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 History of chemicals legislation
7.3.3 The principles behind REACH
7.3.4 REACH
7.3.5 The impact on the surfactant industry
7.3.6 Testing cost
7.3.7 Conclusion
References
7.4 The Biocidal Products Directive Mike Bernstein
7.4.1 Introduction
7.4.2 The Directive
7.4.3 Some definitions
7.4.4 Requirements and operation
7.4.5 Costs
7.4.6 Transitional measures
7.4.7 Data protection and ‘free-riding’
7.4.8 Impact
7.4.9 Final comment
References
8 Relevant Legislation – Australia, Japan and USA
8.1 Relevant legislation – Australia John Issa
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme
8.1.3 Food Standards Australia New Zealand
8.1.4 National Drugs and Poisons Scheduling Committee
8.1.5 Therapeutic Goods Administration
8.1.6 Hazardous substances
8.1.7 Dangerous goods
8.1.8 Eco labelling in Australia
References
8.2 Japanese legislation relating to the manufacture and use of surfactants Yasuyuki Hattori
8.2.1 Chemical substances control law and industrial safety and health law
8.2.2 Pollutant release and transfer register system
References
8.3 Relevant US legislation Arno Driedger
8.3.1 General
8.3.2 TSCA
8.3.3 FDCA
8.3.4 FIFRA
8.3.5 Other pertinent regulations
References
9 Surfactant Manufacturers Richard J Farn
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