Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer Tropsch Syncrude RSC Catalysis Series 1st Edition by Arno De Klerk, Edward Furimsky ISBN 978-1849730808 1849730808
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 1849730808
ISBN 13: 978-1849730808
Author: Arno De Klerk, Edward Furimsky
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been used on a commercial scale for more than eighty years. It was initially developed for strategic reasons because it offered a source of transportation fuels that was independent from crude oil. Unlike crude, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude is rich in olefins and oxygenates, while being sulphur and nitrogen free. Consequently, the catalysis involved in refining it is significantly different and only a few catalysts have been developed for the purpose. Until now, an account of this topic has been missing from the literature, despite mounting interest in the technology. This is the first book to provide a review and analysis of the literature (journal and patent) on the catalysis needed to refine syncrude to transportation fuels. It specifically highlights the impact of oxygenates and how oxygenates affect selectivity and deactivation. This aspect is also related to the refining of biomass derived liquids. Topics covered include: dimerisation / oligomerisation, isomerisation / hydroisomerisation, catalytic cracking / hydrocracking and hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, etherification, dehydration, and some oxygenate and wax specific conversions.
Table of contents:
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview of Fischer-Tropsch-based Facilities
1.2 Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
1.3 Catalysis in Fischer-Tropsch Refining References
Chapter 2
Production of Synthesis Gas
2.1 Synthesis Gas from Gaseous Feed
2.2 Synthesis Gas from Liquid and Solid Feed
2.3 Water Gas Shift Conversion
2.4 Synthesis Gas Purification References
Chapter 3
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
3.1 Chemistry of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
3.2 Factors Influencing Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude Composition
3.2.1 Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst Type
3.2.2 Fischer-Tropsch Reactor Technology
3.2.3 Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst Deactivation
3.2.4 Fischer-Tropsch Operating Conditions
3.3 Carbon Number Distribution of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
3.4 Industrially Applied Fischer-Tropsch Processes
3.4.1 Industrial Fe-LTFT Synthesis
3.4.2 Industrial Fe-HTFT Synthesis
Chapter 4 Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
4.1 Pretreatment of Fischer-Tropsch Primary Products
4.2 Composition of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
4.2.1 Primary Separation of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
4.2.2 Gaseous and Liquid Hydrocarbons
4.2.3 Waxes
4.2.4 Organic Phase Oxygenates
4.2.5 Aqueous Phase Oxygenates
4.3 Comparison of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude with Conventional Crude Oil
4.4 Fischer-Tropsch Refining Requirements
References
Chapter 5 Catalysis in the Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
5.1 Oligomerisation
5.1.1 Mechanism and Reaction Network of Oligomerisation
5.1.2 Commercial Processes for Oligomerisation
5.1.3 Catalysts for Oligomerisation
5.1.4 Comparison of Commercial Oligomerisation Catalysts
5.1.5 Radical Oligomerisation
5.1.6 Carboxylic Acid Formation Over Acid Catalysts
5.1.7 Catalyst Deactivation During Oligomerisation
5.2 Isomerisation and Hydroisomerisation
5.2.1 Mechanism of Isomerisation
5.2.2 Commercial Processes for Isomerisation
5.2.3 Catalysts for Isomerisation
5.2.4 Catalyst Deactivation During Isomerisation
5.3 Cracking and Hydrocracking
5.3.1 Mechanism of Cracking
5.3.2 Commercial Processes for Cracking
5.3.3 Catalysts for Cracking
5.3.4 Catalyst Deactivation During Cracking
5.4 Hydrotreating
5.4.1 Commercial Hydrotreating Processes and Catalysts
5.4.2 Hydrotreating Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
References
Chapter 6
Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Waxes
6.1 Commercial Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Waxes
6.2 Non-catalytic Upgrading of Waxes
6.2.1 Thermal Cracking of Waxes
6.2.2 Autoxidation of Waxes
6.3 Catalytic Upgrading of Waxes
6.3.1 Hydrogenation of Waxes
6.3.2 Hydroisomerisation of Waxes
6.3.3 Hydrocracking of Waxes
6.3.4 Catalytic Cracking of Waxes
6.3.5 Co-catalysts for Wax Conversion During FTS
References
Chapter 7
Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Oxygenates
7.1 Acid-catalysed Reactions of Oxygenates
7.1.1 Acid-catalysed Alcohol Conversion
7.1.2 Acid-catalysed Carbonyl Conversion
7.2 Oxygenate Conversion in the Fischer-Tropsch Aqueous Product
7.3 Oxygenate Conversion in the Fischer-Tropsch Oil Product
References
Chapter 8
Catalysis in the Refining of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
8.1 Catalytic Reforming
8.1.1 Reforming Over Pt/Cl/Al2O3 Catalysts
8.1.2 Reforming Over Nonacidic Pt/L-Zeolite Catalysts
8.1.3 Aromatisation Over Metal-promoted ZSM-5 Catalysts
8.2 Aromatic Alkylation
8.3 Alcohol Dehydration to Alkenes
8.4 Etherification
8.4.1 Etherification of Alkenes with Alcohols
8.4.2 Etherification of Alcohols
8.5 Other Fischer-Tropsch-related Oxygenate Conver-sions
8.5.1 Esterification of Carboxylic Acids
8.5.2 Aromatisation of Carbonyls
References
Chapter 9 Commercial Products from Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
9.1 Transportation Fuels
9.1.1 Motor Gasoline
9.1.2 Jet Fuel
9.1.3 Diesel Fuel
9.1.4 Other Fuel Types
9.2 Lubricating Oils
9.3 Chemicals
9.3.1 Oxygenates
9.3.2 Alkenes
9.3.3 Alkanes
9.3.4 Associated Chemical Products
References
Chapter 10 Patent Literature
10.1 Pretreatment of Primary Products Before Refining
10.1.1 Transportation of Syncrude
10.1.2 Contaminant Removal from Syncrude
10.1.3 CO and CO₂ Removal from Syncrude
10.1.4 Deoxygenation of Syncrude
10.2 Refinery Configurations for Upgrading Syncrude
10.3 Upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch Primary Products
10.3.1 Light Alkene Conversion
10.3.2 Naphtha Conversion
10.3.3 Middle Distillate Conversion
10.3.4 Residue and Wax Conversion
10.3.5 Aqueous Product Conversion
References
Chapter 11 Future Perspectives
11.1 Future Interest in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
11.2 Future Interest in Fischer-Tropsch Refining
11.2.1 Energy Security
11.2.2 Economic Justification
11.2.3 Status of Fischer-Tropsch Refining
11.2.4 Advantages Offered by Fischer-Tropsch Refining
11.3 Future Interest in Catalysis to Refine Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude
11.3.1 Biomass Conversion
11.3.2 Regulation of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
11.3.3 Chemicals Production
11.4 Concluding Remarks
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Tags: Arno De Klerk, Edward Furimsky, the Refining, Fischer Tropsch