Blizzards 1st Edition by Michael Allaby, Richard Garratt ISBN 978-0816047918 081604791X
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Product details:
ISBN 10: 081604791X
ISBN 13: 978-0816047918
Author: Michael Allaby, Richard Garratt
Explains the history, behavior, and scientific advances in the understanding of blizzards.
Table of contents:
CONTINENTAL AND MARITIME CLIMATES
Seasons and the tilting Earth
Adiabatic cooling and warming
Movements of air and water
General circulation of the atmosphere
Continental and maritime climates
Calculating continentality and oceanicity
MOVEMENTS OF AIR MASSES IN WINTER
Cold air, high pressure
Air masses
Air masses and the weather they bring
When air masses move
When air masses meet
Distribution of pressure
Weather fronts
Jet stream
Why warm air can hold more moisture than
cold air can
ICE CAPS, GLACIERS, AND ICEBERGS
Where glaciers form
The polar ice caps
How glaciers move
Why the Arctic is warmer than the Antarctic
Ice shelves and icebergs
North Atlantic Deep Water and the Great Conveyor
When the conveyor weakens or fails
READING PAST WEATHER FROM ICE SHEETS
Reading tree rings and ice cores
Lake Vostok, Europa, and Ganymede
Vostok, GISP, and GRIP
Oxygen isotopes
Ice sheets and sea levels
Trapped greenhouse gases
Dust
Volcanic ash
Sediments, pollen, corals, and beetles
POLAR DESERTS: WHERE BLIZZARDS ARE COMMON
Blizzards faced by explorers
The difference between the Arctic and the Antarctic
Deserts, despite being covered with snow
Gales and extratropical hurricanes
LOUIS AGASSIZ AND THE GREAT ICE AGE
The puzzle of the erratic rocks
Agassiz and his vacations on the ice
Glaciers flow
Uniformitarians and catastrophists
Not one ice age, but many
Pleistocene glacials and interglacials
Why do ice ages happen?
The Little Ice Age
SNOWBLITZ
Do ice sheets form from the top down or bottom up?
Albedo
At the edge of the snow
Positive feedback
Could it happen?
SNOWBALL EARTH
Ancient global deposits
Continental drift and plate tectonics
Could it happen?
The thaw leading to “Greenhouse Earth”
The cap dolostones
Snowball or “slushball”?
SNOW LINES
Dry air and moist air
Effect of the shape of a mountain
Mountain winds
Where snow is most likely
WHERE BLIZZARDS OCCUR
Cold climates and dry climates
Spring blizzards
The conditions that produce snowstorms
European blizzards
The Coriolis effect
GALES AND WHY THEY HAPPEN
How Torricelli weighed air and invented the barometer Wind force and Admiral Beaufort
Why air pressure varies
Air does not move in straight lines
Christoph Buys Ballot and his law
HAIL, SLEET, SNOW
Mass, drag, and terminal velocity Evaporation, condensation, and the formation of clouds
Humidity
Why drops of water are spherical
Why some fall faster than others
Rain, sleet, or snow?
Hail
FREEZING RAIN AND FREEZING FOG
Freezing nuclei
Supercooling
Rain that freezes on contact
Fog and frost
Freezing fog
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN WATER FREEZES AND ICE MELTS
Structure of the molecule
What happens when water is heated The discovery of latent heat
Melting, freezing, and the change between gas and solid
The universal solvent
WILSON BENTLEY, THE MAN WHO PHOTOGRAPHED SNOWFLAKES
The snowflake man
Studying snowflakes
Classification
SNOWFLAKES AND TYPES OF SNOW
How ice crystals grow
Why most snowflakes have six points, but each on is unique
Temperature affects the shape
Availability of atmospheric moisture
Inside the cloud
Once fallen, snow changes
AVALANCHES
The force of moving snow
Kinetic energy
How an avalanche begins
Types of avalanches
Snow and wind
Safety
COLD AIR AND WARM WATER
Specific heat capacity
Radiation and blackbodies
Specific heat capacity and blackbodies
Conductivity, albedo, and transparency
Influence of oceans
SNOWSTORMS, DRIFTING, AND BLIZZARDS
Wind and the city
Urban climate
Snowdrifts
Drifts are dangerous
HEAVY SNOWSTORMS AND WHAT
CAUSES THEM
Stability and lapse rates
Air pressure, highs, and lows
Conditions inside the cloud
Lightning
Charge separation
Precipitation
THE LAKE EFFECT
When air crosses water
Where the snow falls, and how much
Not only the Great Lakes
Lake effects in Europe and Asia
Advantages as well as disadvantages
COLD WAVES
The Great Cold Wave of February 1899
Dangers of the cold
The polar front jet stream
Drawing warm air north and cold air south
Blocking
ICE STORMS
Research that led to rainmaking
Cloud seedingIcing at ground level
Effects of an ice storm
WIND CHILL, FROSTBITE, HYPOTHERMIA, AND SNOW CHILL
Calculating wind chill
Dangers of exposure
Frostbite
Hypothermia
Snow chill
WHITEOUT
Scattering and reflecting light
What you should do
BLIZZARDS OF THE PAST
The 1888 American winter
Spring blizzards
Winter storms
The Northeast Blizzard of ’78
The 1996 storms
Blizzards in Europe
The 1996 storms reach Europe
WILL CLIMATE CHANGE BRING
FEWER BLIZZARDS?
Why worry?
The enhanced greenhouse effect
How the atmosphere absorbs heat
Tracing the emissions
The solar spectrum
Estimating the effects
Thermohaline circulation
FORECASTING BLIZZARDS
Problems of scale
Weather stations, balloons, and satellites
Forecasting
Warnings
SAFETY
Lay in supplies
If you have to drive
When you hear the warning
Outdoors
If the car is stuck
Appendixes
Beaufort Wind Scale
Avalanche classes
Sl units and conversions
Prefixes used with Sl units
Bibliography and Further Reading
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Tags: Michael Allaby, Richard Garratt, Blizzards