Reverse Osmosis Design Processes and Applications for Engineers 1st Edition by Jane Kucera 0470618434 9780470618431

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ISBN 10 : 0470618434 

ISBN 13 : 9780470618431

Author:  Jane Kucera 

The most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of reverse osmosis in industrial applications.
Reverse osmosis is rapidly growing as a water treatment technology used for many applications, such as boiler feed water and recovering wastwater for reuse. This “green” technology is becoming more and more widely used in many settings, especially in industry. Even as the technology becomes more widespread, the understanding of the technology is lagging behind. Reverse Osmosis provides an essential reference for any process or chemical engineer working with this emergent technology.

 

Reverse Osmosis Design Processes and Applications for Engineers 1st Table of contents:

PART 1: FUNDAMENTALS

1. Introduction and History of Development
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Uses of Reverse Osmosis
1.1.2 History of Reverse Osmosis Development
1.1.3 Recent Advances in RO Membrane Technology
1.1.4 Future Advancements
References

2. Reverse Osmosis Principles
2.1 Osmosis
2.2 Reverse Osmosis
2.3 Dead-End Filtration
2.4 Cross-Flow Filtration

3. Basic Terms and Definitions
3.1 Reverse Osmosis System Flow Rating
3.2 Recovery
3.3 Rejection
3.4 Flux
3.5 Concentration Polarization
3.6 Beta
3.7 Fouling
3.8 Scaling
3.9 Silt Density Index (SDI)
3.10 Langelier Saturation Index (LSI)
References

4. Membranes
4.1 Transport Models
 4.1.1 Solution-Diffusion Model
 4.1.2 Solution-Diffusion Imperfection Model
 4.1.3 Finely-Porous Model
4.2 Membrane Materials
 4.2.1 Cellulose Acetate Membranes
 4.2.2 Polyamide and Composite Membranes
  4.2.2.1 Linear Aromatic Polyamide Membranes
  4.2.2.2 Composite Polyamide Membranes
 4.2.3 Improvements to Polyamide, Composite Membranes
 4.2.4 Other Membrane Materials
4.3 Membrane Modules
 4.3.1 Plate and Frame Modules
 4.3.2 Tubular Modules
 4.3.3 Spiral Wound Modules
 4.3.4 Hollow Fine Fiber Membrane Modules
 4.3.5 Other Module Configurations
4.4 Commercially-Available Membranes
 4.4.1 Seawater Membranes
 4.4.2 Brackish Water Membranes
  4.4.2.1 Low-Energy Membranes
  4.4.2.2 High-Rejection Membranes
  4.4.2.3 Low-Fouling Membranes
  4.4.2.4 Low-Differential-Pressure Membrane Modules
  4.4.2.5 High-Productivity Membrane Modules
  4.4.2.6 Other Membrane/Module Types
References

5. Basic Flow Patterns
5.1 Arrays
5.2 Recycle
5.3 Double Pass
5.4 Multiple Trains

6. Reverse Osmosis Skids
6.1 Cartridge Filters
6.2 Reverse Osmosis Feed Pumps
6.3 Pressure Vessels
6.4 Manifolding – Materials of Construction
6.5 Instrumentation
6.6 Controls
6.7 Data Acquisition and Management
6.8 Reverse Osmosis Skid
6.9 Auxiliary Equipment
6.10 Other Design Considerations
 6.10.1 Access to Profile and Probe RO Membranes
 6.10.2 Interstage Performance Monitoring Instrumentation
 6.10.3 Stage-by-Stage Membrane Cleaning
References

PART 2: PRETREATMENT

7. Water Quality Guidelines
7.1 Suspended Solids
7.2 Microbes
7.3 Organics
7.4 Color
7.5 Metals
7.6 Hydrogen Sulfide
7.7 Silica
7.8 Calcium Carbonate
7.9 Trace Metals – Barium and Strontium
7.10 Chlorine
7.11 Calcium
7.12 Exposure to Other Chemicals
References

8. Techniques and Technologies
8.1 Mechanical Pretreatment
 8.1.1 Clarifiers
  8.1.1.1 Solids-Contact Clarifiers
  8.1.1.2 Inclined-Plate Clarifiers
  8.1.1.3 Sedimentation Clarifiers
  8.1.1.4 Chemical Treatment for Clarifiers
 8.1.2 Multimedia Pressure Filters
 8.1.3 High-Efficiency Filters
 8.1.4 Carbon Filters
 8.1.5 Iron Filters
  8.1.5.1 Manganese Greensand Filters
  8.1.5.2 BIRM® Filters
  8.1.5.4 Other Iron Removal Media
 8.1.6 Sodium Softeners
 8.1.7 Spent Resin Filters
 8.1.8 Ultraviolet Irradiation
8.2 Chemical Pretreatment
 8.2.1 Chemical Oxidizers for Disinfection of RO Systems
  8.2.1.1 Chlorine
  8.2.1.2 Ozone
  8.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide
 8.2.2 Antiscalants
 8.2.3 Sodium Metabisulfite
 8.2.4 Non-Oxidizing Biocides
  8.2.4.1 Sodium Bisulfite
  8.2.4.2 DBNPA
  8.2.4.3 Other Non-Oxidizing Biocides
8.3 Combination Mechanical + Chemical Pretreatment – Lime Softening
 8.3.1 Cold Lime Softening
 8.3.2 Warm Lime Softening
 8.3.3 Hot Process Softening
8.4 Sequencing of Pretreatment Technologies
References

PART 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

9. Design Considerations
9.1 Feed Water Quality
9.2 Temperature
9.3 Pressure
9.4 Feed Water Flow
9.5 Concentrate Flow
9.6 Beta
9.7 Recovery
9.8 pH
9.9 Flux
References

10. RO Design and Design Software
10.1 ROSA Version 6.1
10.2 TorayDS Version 1.1.44
10.3 Hydranautics IMS Design Version 2008
10.4 Koch Membranes ROPRO Version 7.0
Reference

PART 4: OPERATIONS

11. On-Line Operations
11.1 Reverse Osmosis Performance Monitoring
11.2 Data Collection
11.3 Data Analysis and Normalization
 11.3.1 Normalized Product Flow
 11.3.2 Normalized Salt Passage
 11.3.3 Normalized Pressure Drop
 11.3.4 Normalization Software
11.4 Preventive Maintenance
References

12. Performance Degradation
12.1 Normalized Permeate Flow
 12.1.1 Loss of Normalized Permeate Flow
  12.1.1.1 Membrane Fouling
  12.1.1.2 Membrane Scaling
  12.1.1.3 Membrane Compaction
 12.1.2 Increase in Normalized Permeate Flow
  12.1.2.1 Membrane Degradation
  12.1.2.2 Hardware Issues
12.2 Normalized Salt Rejection
 12.2.1 Loss of Salt Rejection
  12.2.1.1 Membrane Scaling
  12.2.1.2 Membrane Degradation
References

13. Off-Line Operations
13.1 System Flush
13.2 Membrane Cleaning
13.3 Membrane Lay-Up
References

PART 5: TROUBLESHOOTING

14. Troubleshooting
14.1 Mechanical Evaluation
14.2 General Performance Issues
14.3 System Design and Performance Projections
14.4 Data Assessment
14.5 Water Sampling
14.6 Profiling and Probing
14.7 Membrane Autopsy
 14.7.1 Visual Inspection
 14.7.3 Methylene Blue Test
 14.7.5 Spectroscopy
 14.7.6 Other Tests
References

PART 6: SYSTEM ENGINEERING

15. System Engineering
15.1 Pretreatment Sequencing and Antiscalant Use
 15.1.1 Sequencing of the Sodium Softeners and RO
 15.1.2 Sodium Softening and Antiscalants
 Case 1: High Hardness Well Water
15.2 Reverse Osmosis Sizing and Capacity
15.3 Membrane Cleaning (On-Site vs Off-Site)
15.4 Reverse Osmosis Reject Disposal Options
References

16. Impact of Other Membrane Technologies
16.1 Microfiltration and Ultrafiltration
 16.1.1 Microfiltration
 16.1.2 Ultrafiltration
16.2 Nanofiltration
16.3 Continuous Electrodeionization
16.4 HERO Process
References

 

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