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(Ebook PDF) Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drugs and Their Biological Targets 2nd Edition by Joaquín Campos Rosa ISBN 9783111317243 3111317242 full chapters

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Author(s): Joaquín M. Campos Rosa
ISBN(s): 9783111316550, 3111316556
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 16.60 MB
Year: 2024
Language: english
SKU: EB-56832828 Category: Tag:

(Ebook PDF) Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drugs and Their Biological Targets 2nd Edition by Joaquín Campos Rosa  -Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery:9783111317243, 3111317242

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ISBN 10:3111317242

ISBN 13:9783111317243

Author: Joaquín M. Campos Rosa

Pharmaceutical chemistry (PC) represents a dynamic field of research that plays a pivotal role in the development of life-saving pharmaceuticals. PC is a precise science: One needs to rely on the accuracy of previous discoveries that have provided massive amount of precious information and databases as a solid foundation to move forward. PC is also an art where the artist uses a subtle mixture of knowledge, experimental learning, creativity, intuition, boldness, and serendipity to paint the right canvas. Nature often serves as a stimulus for pharmaceutical chemists. Many drugs are derived from natural compounds found in plants, fungi, or microorganisms. Chemists study these natural sources, seeking inspiration to design synthetic molecules that mimic the therapeutic properties of the originals while optimizing their characteristics. Francis Collins, geneticist and expert in the pharmaceutical industry, explains that the molecular cause of 4,000 diseases is no longer a secret to humanity, but there are only treatments available for 250 of them. Therefore, the world requires more professionals who can produce better medicines and solve more needs. For this reason, it is urgent to discover a new system, new drugs, better industrial processes and faster responses for rare and complex diseases. That is the importance and need for more students in love with PC. It is the author’s wish that volumes 1 and 2 of this series may serve as motivation for students who intend to get started in the exciting world of drug design, synthesis and development. There is no nobler objective than improving health and quality of life of the human race. The unprecedented increase in human life expectancy, which has almost doubled in a hundred years, is mainly due to drugs and to those who discovered them. It is more important to create awareness in the student that he/she is responsible for his own learning and not simply a passive consumer of information. In this way we will be able to train versatile professionals with an attitude of transformative social change. Drug Design and Action is trated in a separate volume ISBN 978-3-11-131654-3.

Table of Contents:

  • 1 Acetylcholine
  • 1.1 Goals
  • 1.2 Nerve transmission through the synapse
  • 1.3 Cholinergic nervous system: muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
  • 1.4 Direct agonist drugs
  • 1.5 Molecular modifications of ACh
  • 1.5.1 Modifications in the ammonium moiety
  • 1.5.2 Modifications to the ethylene bridge
  • 1.5.3 Modifications in the acyloxy group
  • 1.6 Synthesis of methacholine and bethanechol
  • 1.7 Muscarinic drugs derived from other models
  • 1.8 Clinical uses of cholinergic agonists
  • 1.8.1 Muscarinic agonists
  • 1.8.2 Nicotinic agonists
  • 1.9 Muscarinic antagonists: clinical effects
  • 1.9.1 Clinical uses
  • 1.10 Muscarinic antagonists
  • 1.10.1 Atropine
  • 1.10.2 Hyoscine
  • 1.11 Structural analogs based on atropine
  • 1.12 Anticholinergic drugs obtained by synthesis: structure–activity relationships
  • 1.13 M2 antimuscarinic drugs
  • 1.14 Disconnection and syntheses of aminoalkyl esters
  • 1.14.1 Simple alcohol disconnections
  • 1.14.2 Aminoesters
  • 1.14.3 Aminopropanols
  • 1.15 Amidoammonium drugs
  • 1.16 Antagonist drugs on nicotinic receptors
  • 1.16.1 Decamethonium and suxamethonium
  • 1.16.2 Atracurium
  • 1.17 Anticholinesterases and acetylcholinesterase
  • 1.17.1 Effect of anticholinesterases
  • 1.17.2 Acetylcholinesterase active center
  • 1.17.3 Anticholinesterase drugs
  • 1.18 Fundamentals
  • 2 Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
  • 2.1 Goals
  • 2.2 Introduction
  • 2.3 Adrenergic synapses
  • 2.4 Drugs that focus on noradrenaline biosynthesis: false transmitters
  • 2.5 Drugs that affect the release of stored noradrenaline
  • 2.6 Mechanism of action of MAO
  • 2.7 Adrenergic indirect drugs
  • 2.8 Catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitors (COMT)
  • 2.9 Direct adrenergic drugs (postsynaptic agonists)
  • 2.9.1 Selectivity for α-adrenoreceptors versus β
  • 2.10 Adrenergic β-blockers
  • 2.10.1 Regioselective opening of epoxides in basic media
  • 2.10.2 Regioselective opening of epoxides in acidic media
  • 2.11 α-Adrenergic blockers
  • 2.11.1 Competitive antagonists of NA and adrenaline
  • 2.11.2 Noncompetitive antagonists of NA, especially β-haloethylamines, capable of irreversibly alkylating the receptor
  • 2.11.3 Benzodioxanes and other synthetic heterocycles: imidazolines
  • 2.12 Fundamentals
  • 3 Dopamine
  • 3.1 Goals
  • 3.2 Introduction: antiparkinsonians related to the action or release of dopamine
  • 3.2.1 Conformationally restricted dopamine congeners
  • 3.3 Direct agonists
  • 3.4 MAO and COMT inhibitors
  • 3.5 Drugs capable of causing the release of dopamine from the peripheral neural sites at the presynaptic level
  • 3.6 Other dopaminergic agonists
  • 3.7 Dopaminergic antagonists
  • 3.7.1 Tricyclic neuroleptics: phenothiazines and thioxanthenes
  • 3.7.2 Butyrophenones and analogs
  • 3.7.3 Ortho-Methoxybenzamides (orthopramides)
  • 3.8 Fundamentals
  • 4 Serotonin and reuptake inhibitors of biogenic amines
  • 4.1 Goals
  • 4.2 Introduction
  • 4.3 Reuptake inhibitors: tricyclic antidepressants
  • 4.4 MAO inhibitors (MAOIs)
  • 4.5 Serotonin
  • 4.6 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • 4.7 Direct action on serotonergic receptors
  • 4.7.1 5-HT1D agonists: antimigraine drugs
  • 4.7.2 5-HT1A agonists
  • 4.7.3 5-HT3 antagonists
  • 4.8 Summary
  • 4.9 Fundamentals
  • 5 Amino acid neurotransmitters
  • 5.1 Goals
  • 5.2 Introduction
  • 5.3 Inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  • 5.4 Presynaptic modulators
  • 5.5 Enzyme inhibitors that have pyridoxal phosphate as cofactor
  • 5.6 Postsynaptic modulators
  • 5.6.1 Benzodiazepines
  • 5.6.2 Fixation of steroids to GABAA
  • 5.6.3 Other drugs related to benzodiazepines
  • 5.6.4 Barbituric acids (or barbiturates)
  • 5.7 Fundamentals
  • 6 Peptides as neurotransmitters: narcotic analgesics
  • 6.1 Goals
  • 6.2 Morphine
  • 6.2.1 Structure–activity relationships of morphine
  • 6.2.2 Development of morphine analogs: strategies
  • 6.2.3 Multiple analgesic receptors
  • 6.2.4 Pain scale
  • 6.2.5 Agonists and antagonists
  • 6.2.6 Enkephalins and endorphins
  • 6.2.7 Enkephalin analogs
  • 6.3 Preliminary colorimetric methods to detect drugs of abuse by police forces
  • 6.3.1 Identification of morphine
  • 6.3.2 Identification of morphine, codeine, and heroin
  • 6.3.3 Identification of methadone
  • 6.3.4 Identification of amphetamine/methamphetamine
  • 6.3.5 Identification of cocaine
  • 6.4 Fundamentals
  • 7 Histamine and antihistamines
  • 7.1 Goals
  • 7.2 Histamine
  • 7.2.1 H1-antihistamines: synthesis and SARs
  • 7.2.2 Second-generation H1-antihistamine drugs
  • 7.3 Cimetidine: example of a rational approach in the design of a drug
  • 7.3.1 Beginnings: ulcer therapy in 1964
  • 7.3.2 Two histamine receptors
  • 7.3.3 Looking for a leader: histamine
  • 7.4 Searching for a leader: Nα-guanylhistamine
  • 7.5 The theory of chelation
  • 7.6 From a partial agonist to an antagonist: development of burimamide
  • 7.7 Development of methiamide
  • 7.8 Cimetidine development
  • 7.8.1 Cimetidine metabolism
  • 7.8.2 Bredereck reaction
  • 7.8.3 Conformational isomers of cimetidine
  • 7.8.4 Desolvation
  • 7.8.5 Development of the 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine group
  • 7.9 Variation of the imidazole ring and the cyanoguanidine moiety of cimetidine: ranitidine
  • 7.10 Summary of cimetidine design
  • 7.11 Comparison between H1 and H2 antagonists
  • 7.12 Fundamentals
  • 8 Enzymatic inhibitors I
  • 8.1 Goals
  • 8.2 Introduction
  • 8.3 Carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors
  • 8.4 Renin–angiotensin pathway
  • 8.4.1 Angiotensin II antagonists: X-ray crystallographic studies
  • 8.5 Fundamentals
  • 9 Enzymatic inhibitors II
  • 9.1 Goals
  • 9.2 Introduction
  • 9.3 Classification of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
  • 9.3.1 Arylacetic acids or “fenacs”
  • 9.3.2 Arylpropionic acids or “profens”
  • 9.3.3 Naproxen
  • 9.3.4 N-Arylanthranilic (fenamic) acids
  • 9.3.5 Enols (oxicams)
  • 9.3.6 COX-2 selective inhibitors: coxibs
  • 9.4 Fundamentals
  • 10 Design of drugs acting on transport through biological membranes
  • 10.1 Goals
  • 10.2 Design of drugs that act on transport through cell membranes
  • 10.3 Voltage-gated sodium channels
  • 10.3.1 Local anesthetics
  • 10.4 Voltage-dependent calcium channels
  • 10.4.1 Calcium channel blockers: structural families
  • 10.4.2 H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors: antiulcer drugs
  • 10.5 Fundamentals
  • 11 Enzymatic inhibition: inhibitors of the biosynthesis of the cellular wall
  • 11.1 Goals
  • 11.2 Antibiotics
  • 11.3 Penicillins
  • 11.3.1 Structure of penicillins
  • 11.3.2 Various penicillins
  • 11.3.3 Properties of penicillin G
  • 11.3.4 Structure–activity relationships of penicillins
  • 11.3.5 Sensitivity of penicillin G to acids
  • 11.3.6 Penicillins sensitive to β-lactamases
  • 11.3.7 Facing the problem of β-lactamase sensitivity
  • 11.3.8 Resistance to penicillins
  • 11.3.9 Addressing the narrow-spectrum problem
  • 11.4 Cephalosporins
  • 11.4.1 SARs of cephalosporin C
  • 11.4.2 Cephalosporin C analogs by variation of the 7-acylamine side chain
  • 11.4.3 Cephalosporin C analogs by variation of the 3-acetoxymethyl side chain
  • 11.4.4 Synthesis of 3-methylated cephalosporins
  • 11.4.5 Disclaimer
  • 11.4.6 Summary of the properties of cephalosporins
  • 11.5 Clavulanic acid (Beechams, 1976)
  • 11.6 Mechanism of action of penicillins and cephalosporins
  • 11.7 Fundamentals
  • 12 Enzymatic inhibition: other antibacterial agents
  • 12.1 Goals
  • 12.2 Introduction
  • 12.3 SARs
  • 12.4 Sulfanilamide analogs
  • 12.5 Applications of sulfonamides
  • 12.6 Mechanism of action
  • 12.7 Synthesis of sulfonamides
  • 12.8 Examples of other antimetabolites
  • 12.8.1 Trimethoprim
  • 12.9 Antibacterial agents affecting protein synthesis
  • 12.9.1 Rifamycins
  • 12.9.2 Aminoglycosides
  • 12.9.3 Tetracyclines
  • 12.9.4 Chloramphenicol
  • 12.9.5 Erythromycin
  • 12.9.6 Aminoacridines
  • 12.9.7 1,8-Naphthyridine and fluoroquinolones
  • 12.10 Why 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acids do not decarboxylate despite being β-ketoacids?
  • 12.11 Fundamentals
  • 13 Enzymatic inhibition: inhibitors of biosynthesis of nitrogenous bases
  • 13.1 Goals
  • 13.2 Introduction
  • 13.3 Nucleic acids
  • 13.4 The birth of cancer chemotherapy: accident and research
  • 13.5 Thymidylate synthase inhibitors
  • 13.5.1 Tetrahydrofolic acid
  • 13.5.2 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU)
  • 13.6 DHFR inhibitors
  • 13.7 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors
  • 13.7.1 Structure of tyrosine kinase receptors
  • 13.7.2 Mechanisms of activation of the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase
  • 13.7.3 Example of a kinase inhibitor for clinical use (gefitinib)
  • 13.8 Antivirals
  • 13.8.1 Antiviral inhibitors of DNA polymerases and other enzymes
  • 13.9 Fundamentals

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