The Design of Active Crossovers 1st Edition by Douglas Self ISBN 978-0240817385 0240817389

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ISBN 10:   0240817389

ISBN 13: 978-0240817385

Author: Douglas Self

The Design of Active Crossovers is a unique guide to the design of high-quality circuitry for splitting audio frequencies into separate bands and directing them to different loudspeaker drive units specifically designed for handling their own range of frequencies. Traditionally this has been done by using passive crossover units built into the loudspeaker boxes; this is the simplest solution, but it is also a bundle of compromises. The high cost of passive crossover components, and the power losses in them, means that passive crossovers have to use relatively few parts. This limits how well the crossover can do its basic job.

Active crossovers, sometimes called electronic crossovers, tackle the problem in a much more sophisticated manner. The division of the audio into bands is performed at low signal levels, before the power amplifiers, where it can be done with much greater precision. Very sophisticated filtering and response-shaping networks can be built at comparatively low cost. Time-delay networks that compensate for phyical misalignments in speaker construction can be implemented easily; the equivalent in a passive crossover is impractical because of the large cost and the heavy signal losses. Active crossover technology is also directly applicable to other band-splitting signal-processing devices such as multi-band compressors.

The use of active crossovers is increasing. They are used by almost every sound reinforcement system, by almost every recording studio monitoring set-up, and to a small but growing extent in domestic hifi. There is a growing acceptance in the hifi industry that multi-amplification using active crossovers is the obvious next step (and possibly the last big one) to getting the best possible sound. There is also a large usage of active crossovers in car audio, with the emphasis on routing the bass to enormous low-frequency loudspeakers.

One of the very few drawbacks to using the active crossover approach is that it requires more power amplifiers; these have often been built into the loudspeaker, along with the crossover, and this deprives the customer of the chance to choose their own amplifier, leading to resistance to the whole active crossover philosophy. A comprehensive proposal for solving this problem is an important part of this book.

The design of active crossovers is closely linked with that of the loudspeakers they drive. A chapter gives a concise but complete account of all the loudspeaker design issues that affect the associated active crossover.

This book is packed full of valuable information, with virtually every page revealing nuggets of specialized knowledge never before published. Essential points of theory bearing on practical performance are lucidly and thoroughly explained, with the mathematics kept to an essential minimum. Douglas’ background in design for manufacture ensures he keeps a wary eye on the cost of things.

Features:

Crossover basics and requirements
The many different crossover types and how they work
Design almost any kind of active filter with minimal mathematics
Make crossover filters with very low noise and distortion
Make high-performance time-delay filters that give a constant delay over a wide range of frequency
Make a wide variety of audio equaliser stages: shelving, peaking and notch characteristics
All about active crossover system design for optimal noise and dynamic range
There is a large amount of new material that has never been published before. A few examples: using capacitance multipliers in biquad equalisers, opamp output biasing to reduce distortion, the design of NTMTM notch crossovers, the design of special filters for filler-driver crossovers, the use of mixed capacitors to reduce filter distortion, differentially elevated internal levels to reduce noise, and so on.
Douglas wears his learning lightly, and this book features the engaging prose style familiar from his other books The Audio Power Amplifier Design Handbook, Self on Audio, and the recent Small Signal Audio Design.

Table of contents: 

Chapter 1 Crossover Basics
Chapter 2 Why a Crossover Is Necessary
Chapter 3 Loudspeaker Cables
Chapter 4 The Next Step in Hi-Fi
Chapter 5 References
Chapter 6 How Loudspeakers Work
Chapter 7 Transmission Line Loudspeakers
Chapter 8 Modulation Distortion
Chapter 9 Crossover Requirements
Chapter 10 Sufficiently Steep Rolloff Slopes between the Filter Outputs
Chapter 11 Crossover Types
Chapter 12 First-Order Crossovers
Chapter 13 Second-Order Crossovers
Chapter 14 Third-Order Linkwitz–Riley Crossover
Chapter 15 Fourth-Order Linear-Phase Crossover
Chapter 16 Summary of Crossover Properties
Chapter 17 Notch Crossovers
Chapter 18 Subtractive Crossovers
Chapter 19 Subtractive Crossovers with Time Delays
Chapter 20 Lowpass & Highpass Filter Characteristics
Chapter 21 Filter Characteristics
Chapter 22 Bessel Filters
Chapter 23 Butterworth Filters Up to Eighth-Order
Chapter 24 Linkwitz–Riley Filters Up to Eighth-Order
Chapter 25 Designing Lowpass and Highpass Filters
Chapter 26 Sallen & Key Second-Order Lowpass: Unity Gain
Chapter 27 Sallen & Key Fourth-Order Highpass in a Single Stage
Chapter 28 Bandwidth Definition: Butterworth versus Bessel Ultrasonic Filters
Chapter 29 Multiple-Feedback Lowpass Filters
Chapter 30 Distortion in Multiple-Feedback Filters: Lowpass
Chapter 31 Bandpass & Notch Filters
Chapter 32 The 1-Bandpass Notch Filter
Chapter 33 Time Domain Filters
Chapter 34 Physical Methods of Delay Compensation
Chapter 35 References
Chapter 36 Equalisation
Chapter 37 Drive Unit Equalisation
Chapter 38 HF-Cut and LF-Boost Equaliser
Chapter 39 Adjustable Peak/Dip Equalisers: Fixed Frequency and Low Q
Chapter 40 Equalisation by Adjusting All Filter Parameters
Chapter 41 Passive Components for Active Crossovers
Chapter 42 Opamps for Active Crossovers
Chapter 43 Opamp Properties: Bias Current
Chapter 44 Common-Mode Distortion in the 5532
Chapter 45 The LM4562 Opamp
Chapter 46 References
Chapter 47 Active Crossover System Design
Chapter 48 Control Protection
Chapter 49 Switchable Crossover Modes
Chapter 50 Power Amplifier Considerations
Chapter 51 References
Chapter 52 Subwoofer Crossovers
Chapter 53 Auxiliary Bass Radiator (ABR) Subwoofers
Chapter 54 Dipole Subwoofers
Chapter 55 Horn-Loaded Subwoofers
Chapter 56 Low-Level Inputs (Balanced)
Chapter 57 Line Inputs and Outputs
Chapter 58 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio: Opamp Gain
Chapter 59 References
Chapter 60 Line Outputs
Chapter 61 Power Supply Design
Chapter 62 Improving Ripple Performance
Chapter 63 An Active Crossover Design
Chapter 64 Resistor Selection

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