Commercial Refrigeration for Air Conditioning Technicians 2nd Edition by Dick Wirz ISBN 978-1111321581 1111321582
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ISBN 10: 1111321582
ISBN 13: 978-1111321581
Author: Dick Wirz
Introduces servicing commercial refrigeration equipment for air conditioning system technicians, covering such equipment as walk-ins, refrigerated cases, and ice machines.
Table of contents:
CHAPTER 1
Refrigeration.
Introduction
Temperature Ranges of Refrigeration
The Refrigeration Cycle…
Low-Pressure Side of the System.
How Is Heat Absorbed into the Evaporator?
How Does the Condenser Get Rid of the Heat
Absorbed by the Evaporator?
Comparing Commercial Refrigeration with AC..
Newer Refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration.
The Four Basic Components of a Refrigeration System
Evaporator
Condenser.
Compressor.
Metering Device.
Summary.
CHAPTER 2
Evaporators
Functions of the Evaporator.
Evaporator Temperature
Temperature Difference
Humidity and TD.
Air Conditioning TD and Humidity.
Walk-in TD and Humidity
Reach-in TD and Humidity
Using TROT for TD and Troubleshooting
Heat Exchange Efficiency
Types of Evaporators
Evaporator Operation
Measuring Superheat
Flooding and Starving Evaporators.
Hot Pull-Down.
Evaporator Problems.
Medium-Temperature Evaporator Air Defrost.
When to Defrost
Defrost Operation of Freezers
Summary
CHAPTER 3
Condensers.
Functions of the Condenser
Condenser Operation
Three Phases of the Condenser.
De-superheat Phase.
Condensing Phase
Subcooling Phase.
Flash Gas.
Using Subcooling to Prevent Flash Gas.
Condenser Split.
Cleaning and Maintaining Air-Cooled Condensers
Coil Cleaners
Maintenance Inspections
Low-Ambient Controls for Air-Cooled Condensers.
Fan Cycle Controls.
Fan Speed Controls
Air Dampers
Condenser Flooding
Troubleshooting HPR Valves
Floating Head Pressure.
Water-Cooled Condensers
Water-Regulating Valves
Cooling Towers
Wastewater Systems.
Service and Maintenance of Water-Cooled Equipment.
Proper Operating Conditions of a Water-Cooled Unit
on a Wastewater System.
Cleaning Water-Cooled Condensers
Microchannel Technology
Summary.
CHAPTER 4
Compressors..
Functions of a Compressor.
How a Reciprocating Compressor Operates.
Hermetic Compressors
Semihermetic Compressors
Compressor Lubrication
Compressor Problems and Failures
Slugging.
Diagnostic Chart
Compressor Capacity Control.
Low-Temperature Applications.
Two-Stage Compound Systems.
Scroll Compressors..
Variable Frequency Drives.
Summary.
CHAPTER 5
Metering Devices.
Functions of a Metering Device
Superheat.
What Is the Proper Superheat?
How a TEV Operates..
TEV Body Styles.
Equalized Valves, Internal and External.
Adjusting Superheat.
TEV Bulb Placement
How the System Affects TEVs
TEV Sizing.
Reading an Expansion Valve
Troubleshooting TEVs
Flooding.
Starving.
TEV Hunting
Balanced Port Expansion Valves.
Capillary Tube Metering Devices.
How a Cap Tube Works
How Cap Tubes Respond to System Conditions.
Troubleshooting Cap Tubes
Automatic Expansion Valves
Electric Expansion Valves
Summary.
CHAPTER 6
Controls and Accessories.
Temperature Controls
Compressor Service Valves
Solenoid Valves for Pump-down and Hot Gas Bypass
Hot Gas Bypass Valves
Crankcase Pressure Regulators
Evaporator Pressure Regulators
Low-Pressure Controls.
High-Pressure Controls
Oil Separators
Oil Safety Controls
Receivers
Accumulators
Filter Driers
Sight Glass.
Heat Exchangers
Vibration Eliminator
Summary.
CHAPTER 7
Refrigeration System Troubleshooting.
Review and Preview.
Evaporator
. Compressor
Condenser.
Metering Devices
How Fixed Metering Devices React to System
Conditions.
How a TEV System Reacts to System Conditions
Summary of How External Temperature Changes
Affect the Refrigeration System
Summary of How Pressure Changes Affect the
Refrigeration System.
Superheat and Subcooling.
Diagnosing Nine System Problems
Undercharge of Refrigerant.
How an Undercharge Affects a Reach-in with
Cap Tube System
How an Undercharge Affects a TEV System
Overcharge of Refrigerant
How an Overcharge Affects a Cap Tube System
How an Overcharge Affects a TEV System
Condenser Airflow Problems.
Condenser Problems on a Cap Tube System
Condenser Problems on a TEV System.
Noncondensables.
Inefficient Compressor
Restricted Metering Device.
Partially Restricted Capillary Tube
Partially Restricted TEV
Restriction in the Liquid Line after the Receiver
Restriction in the High Side Before the Receiver
Dirty Evaporator, Iced Evaporator, or Low Airflow.
Evaporator Problems on a Cap Tube System.
Evaporator Problems on a TEV System
Getting the Right Information.
Using a Diagnostic Chart
Evaporator Oil Logging.
Troubleshooting without Gauges
Summary
CHAPTER 8
Compressor Motor Controls.
Three-Phase Motors
Contactors
Motor Starters.
Single-Phase Motors.
Start Relays and Capacitors.
Current Relays.
Start Capacitors.
Potential Relays.
Run Capacitor
PTCR
Types of Motor Overloads
Checking Overloads
Troubleshooting Motors.
No Sound.
Motor Tries to Start.
Single-Phase Compressor Start Components.
Checking Start Relays.
CHAPTER 9
Summary
Retrofitting, Recovery, Evacuation, and Charging
Retrofitting Refrigeration Systems
Retrofitting Basics.
Oil Miscibility
Refrigerant Efficiencies.
Oil Replacement.
Retrofit Refrigerants.
Retrofitting Cap Tube Systems.
Retrofitting TEV Systems
Refrigerant Recovery Procedures.
Push-Pull Liquid Recovery
Liquid Recovery with a Tank in a Vacuum.
Recovery Equipment Maintenance
Recovery Cylinders.
System Evacuation.
Triple Evacuation.
Vacuum Pump and Micron Gauge Operation
and Maintenance Tips
Start-up and System Charging.
How to Know the Charge Is Correct
Removing Gauges from the Unit
Charging for Low-Ambient Conditions
Summary
CHAPTER 10
Supermarket Refrigeration.
Product Visibility and Customer Access
Multiple Refrigerated Cases and Temperatures
Parallel Rack Systems.
Parallel Rack System Controls
Rack System Controllers
Head Pressure Control.
Energy Efficiency.
Coil Defrosting.
Mechanical Subcooling
Heat Reclaim and Reheat
Display Case Airflow.
Installation, Service, and Maintenance
Refrigerant Leak Detection
New TechnologySummary.
CHAPTER 11
Walk-in Refrigerators and Freezers.
Walk-in Box Types and Sizes
Walk-in Box Installation
Walk-in Door Types and Adjustments
Walk-in Box Applications.
Matching System Components for Proper Operation.
Matching Compressor Horsepower to Btuh
Matching Evaporators to Condensing Units
System Capacity Based on Condensing Unit and Evaporator Matching.
Matching the TEV to the Evaporator.
Special TEV sizing
Production, or Pull-down, Boxes
Refrigeration Piping.
Discharge Line Piping and Suction Line Double Risers
Drain Piping..
Troubleshooting Walk-in Problems
Evaporator Airflow Problems
Door Problems..
System Sizing Problems or Improper Product Loading..
Drain Problems
Freezer Defrost Problems
Glass Door Sweating Problems.
.. Summary
CHAPTER 12
Ice Machines
Ice Machine Types and Applications
Basic Ice Machine Operation
Installation-Related Service.
Ice Machine Maintenance and Cleaning.
Ice Machine Warranties.
Troubleshooting Ice Machines
Troubleshooting a “No Ice” Service Call
Troubleshooting a “Slow Ice” or “Not Enough Ice”
Service Call
Additional Troubleshooting Tips
Summary
CHAPTER 13
Product Temperatures for Preservation and Health.
Minimum Temperatures
What the Health Inspector Looks for.
Problem Areas and Solutions
Inspecting Ice Machines.
Hinges, Handles, and Gaskets
Refrigeration Maintenance Program
Interesting Temperature and Health Facts
Summary
CHAPTER 14
Refrigeration Business Tips
Starting and Staying in Business
Records and Paperwork..
Cash is King
Pricing and Costs.
Customers.
Employees
Expanding the Business
Maintenance Contracts
Technicians as Salesmen
Exit Strategy
Summary
APPENDIX
Summary of TROT.
Pressure Temperature (P/T) Chart
Troubleshooting Charts
GLOSSARY.
INDEX.
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Tags: Dick Wirz, Commercial Refrigeration, Air Conditioning