(Ebook PDF) Microclimate for Cultural Heritage Conservation Restoration and Maintenance of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments 2nd Edition by Dario Camuffo ISBN 0444632964 9780444632968 Full chapter

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ISBN 10:         0444632964
ISBN 13: 978-0444632968
Author:          Dario Camuffo

Microclimate for Cultural Heritage: Conservation and Restoration of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments, Second Edition, is a cutting-edge, theoretical, and practical handbook concerning microclimate, environmental factors, and conservation of cultural heritage. Although the focus is on cultural heritage objects, most of the theory and instrumental methodologies are common to other fields of application, such as atmospheric and environmental sciences.

Microclimate for Cultural Heritage, Second Edition, is a useful treatise on microphysics and a practical handbook for conservators and specialists in physics, chemistry, architecture, engineering, geology, and biology who work in the multidisciplinary field of the environment, and, in particular, in the conservation of works of art. Part I, devoted to applied theory, is a concise treatise on microphysics, which includes a survey on the basic ideas of environmental diagnosis and conservation. The second part of the book focuses on practical utilization, and shows in detail how field surveys should be performed, with many suggestions and examples, as well as some common errors to avoid.

• Presents updated scientific and technological findings based on the novel European standards on microclimate and cultural heritage
• Includes the latest information on experimental research on environmental factors and their impact on materials, such as the behavior of water and its interactions with cultural heritage materials
• Contains case studies of outdoor and indoor microclimate conditions and their effects, providing ideas for readers facing similar problems caused by heat, water, radiation, pollution, or air motions
• Covers instruments and methods for practical applications to help readers understand, to observe and interpret observations, and avoid errors

Microclimate for Cultural Heritage Conservation Restoration and Maintenance of Indoor and Outdoor Monuments 2nd Table of contents:

Part I: Atmospheric Physics Applied to Microclimate Analysis and Conservation

Chapter 1. Microclimate, Air, and Temperature

• Microclimate
• Air, Water Vapour, Perfect and Real Gases
• Temperature
• Mechanisms of Temperature Degradation
• Temperature in a Building, a Room
• Temperature in a Showcase
• Combining People Comfort, Conservation Needs, and Sustainability
• Monitoring Air Temperature for Air-Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics
  References

Chapter 2A. Theoretical Grounds for Humidity

• Partial Pressure of Water Vapour
• Derivation of the Latent Heat
• Mixing Ratio of Water Vapour and Dry Air
• Specific Humidity
• Absolute Humidity
• Relative Humidity
• Dew Point: The Temperature of Condensation
• Frost Point: The Temperature of Freezing
• Wet Bulb Temperature: The Temperature of Evaporation
• The Psychrometric Chart
  References

Chapter 2B. Humidity and Conservation

• Air-Surface Interactions and Environmental Diagnostics
• The Equilibrium Moisture Content and Dimensional Changes in Wood
• Mechanisms of Humidity Degradation in Paper and Parchment
• Biological Habitat
• Metals, Pipe Organs, and Other Materials
• Best Microclimate for Conservation: European Standard EN15757: 2010
• Keeping Constant Relative Humidity in Rooms and Showcases
• Condensation on Cold Surfaces
  References

Chapter 3. Parameters to Describe Air Masses and Vertical Motions

• Equivalent Temperature
• Adiabatic Gradients in the Troposphere
• Potential Temperature
• Equivalent-Potential Temperature
• Virtual Temperature
  References
  Further Reading

Chapter 4. Radiation and Light

• Emission of Radiation from Bodies and the Effects of Absorbed Energy
• Radiometric Temperature
• Angular Distribution of Radiant Emission of Bodies
• Attenuation of Light in the Atmosphere
• Daily and Seasonal Cycles of Solar Radiation on a Surface
• The Colour of Natural Light
• Exhibition Lighting and Electric Light Sources
• Optical Filters and Optical Fibres
• Deterioration of Works of Art Caused by Light
  References
  Further Reading

Chapter 5. Physics of Drop Formation and Micropore Condensation

• Curved Water Meniscus and Equilibrium Vapour Tension
• Derivation of the Kelvin Equation for Droplet Formation
• Droplet Formation: Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation
• Bubbles
• Micropore Condensation and Stone Weathering
• Adsorption Isotherms
• Freezing-Thawing Cycles
  References

Chapter 6. Atmospheric Water and Stone Weathering

• Acid Rain, Rainfall, and Crusts
• Mechanisms of Penetration of Rainwater and Evaporation
• Evaporation from a Damp Monument
• Capillary Suction
• Equilibrium Vapour Tension over a Solution
• Climate Cycles, Sea Spray, and Salt Damage
• Common Errors in Weathering Studies
  References

Chapter 7. Atmospheric Stability and Pollutant Dispersion

• Introduction
• Vertical Temperature Gradients and Plume Behaviour
• Effects of Topographic Horizontal Inhomogeneity
• Urban Climate: Heat Island and Aerodynamic Disturbance
• Dispersion and Transportation of Pollutants in a City
• Wind Friction Near a Surface
• Vertical Fluxes of Heat, Moisture, and Momentum
• Heat Balance at Soil or Monument Surface
• Parameters in Atmospheric Stability and Turbulence
• Plume Dispersion
• Stability Classes to Evaluate Atmospheric Stability
  References

Chapter 8. Dry Deposition of Airborne Particulate Matter: Mechanisms and Effects

• Introduction
• Random Walk and Brownian Diffusivity
• Brownian Deposition
• Thermophoresis
• Diffusiophoresis
• Stefan Flow
• Gravitational Settling
• Electrophoresis
• Photophoresis
• Aerodynamic Deposition: Inertial Impaction and Interception
• Adhesion of Particles to Paintings or Surfaces
• Vertical Distribution of Particles and Their Resuspension
• Soiling Development
• Optimal Heating and Air Conditioning to Avoid Soiling
• Inappropriate Positioning of Paintings
• Uplifting of Particles and Wind Erosion
• Kinetic Energy and Sand Blasting
  References

Chapter 9. Consequences of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution

• Maxwell-Boltzmann Equation and Distribution of Molecules
• Thermal Emission of Bodies
• Arrhenius Equation
• Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour in Air
• Relative Humidity and Distance between H2O Molecules
• The Liquid State and Free H2O Molecules
• Raoult’s Law for Ideal Solutions
• Ebullition and Freezing
• An Additional Aspect of Relative Humidity
• The Three Classes of Water Vapour
• Conclusions
  References

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Part II: Performing Microclimate Field Surveys

Chapter 10. Introduction to Field Measurements

• Weather Stations and Observations for Monument Conservation
• Statistical Representation of the Data
• Frequency of Observation
• Length of Observation Period
• Response Time of a Sensor
• Drawing Air Temperature and Other Isolines
  References

Chapter 11. Measuring Temperature

• Measuring Air Temperature
• Measuring Artwork Surface Temperature According to EN 15758: 2010
  References

Chapter 12. Measuring Humidity

• Measuring Air Humidity According to EN16242: 2012
• Hygrometers
• Calibrating Hygrometers
• Measuring Heat and Moisture Exchanges between Air and Monuments
• Measuring Moisture Content
• Measuring Time of Wetness
  References

Chapter 13. Measuring Wind and Indoor Air Motions

• Measuring Wind Speed and Direction
• Measuring Indoor Air Motions
  References

Chapter 14. Measuring Rainfall and Wind-Borne Droplets

• Precipitation Measurements
• Precipitation on Monuments
• Wet and Dry Deposition Samplers

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