Introduction to Seismology 2nd Edition by Peter Shearer ISBN 1108009107 978-0521708425
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ISBN 10: 1108009107
ISBN 13: 978-0521708425
Author: Peter M. Shearer
Table of contents:
1 Introduction
1.1 A brief history of seismology
1.2 Exercises
2 Stress and strain
2.1 The stress tensor
2.1.1 Example: Computing the traction vector
2.1.2 Principal axes of stress
2.1.3 Example: Computing the principal axes
2.1.4 Deviatoric stress
2.1.5 Values for stress
2.2 The strain tensor
2.2.1 Values for strain
2.2.2 Example: Computing strain for a seismic wave
2.3 The linear stress-strain relationship
2.3.1 Units for elastic moduli
2.4 Exercises
3 The seismic wave equation
3.1 Introduction: The wave equation
3.2 The momentum equation
3.3 The seismic wave equation
3.3.1 Potentials
3.4 Plane waves
3.4.1 Example: Harmonic plane wave equation
3.5 Polarizations of P and S waves
3.6 Spherical waves
3.7 Methods for computing synthetic seismograms
3.8 The future of seismology?”
3.9 Equations for 2-D isotropic finite differences
3.10 Exercises
4 Ray theory: Travel times
4.1 Snell’s law
4.2 Ray paths for laterally homogeneous models
4.2.1 Example: Computing X(p) and Tip)
4.2.2 Ray tracing through velocity gradients
4.3 Travel time curves and delay times
4.3.1 Reduced velocity
4.3.2. The rip) function
4.4 Low-velocity zones
4.5 Summary of I-D ray tracing equations
4.6 Spherical-Earth ray tracing
4.7 The Earth-flattening transformation
4.8 Three-dimensional ray tracing
4.9 Ray nomenclature
4.9.1 Crustal phases
4.9.2 Whole Earth phases
4.9.3 PKJKP: The Holy Grail of body wave seismology
4.10 Global body-wave observations
4.11 Exercises
5 Inversion of travel time data
5.1 One-dimensional velocity inversion
5.2 Straight-line fitting
5.2.1 Example: Solving for a layer-cake model
5.2.2 Other ways to fit the 7(X) curve
5.3 (p) Inversion
5.3.1 Example: The layer-cake model revisited
5.3.2 Obtaining rip) constraints
5.4 Linear programming and regularization methods
5.5 Summary: One-dimensional velocity inversion
5.6 Three-dimensional velocity inversion
5.6.1 Setting up the tomography problem
5.6.2 Solving the tomography problem
5.6.3 Tomography complications
5.6.4 Finite frequency tomography
5.7 Earthquake location
5.7.1 Iterative location methods
5.7.2 Relative event location methods
5.8 Exercises
6 Ray theory: Amplitude and phase
6.1 Energy in seismic waves
6.2 Geometrical spreading in 1-D velocity models
6.3 Reflection and transmission coefficients
6.3.1 SH-wave reflection and transmission coefficients
6.3.2 Example: Computing SH coefficients
6.3.3 Vertical incidence coefficients
6.3.4 Energy-normalized coefficients
6.3.5 Dependence on ray angle
6.4 Turning points and Hilbert transforms
6.5 Matrix methods for modeling plane waves
6.6 Attenuation
6.6.1 Example: Computing intrinsic attenuation
6.6.2 r and velocity dispersion
6.6.3 The absorption band model
6.6.4 The standard linear solid
6.6.5 Earth’s attenuation
6.6.6 Observing Q
6.6.7 Non-linear attenuation
6.6.8 Seismic attenuation and global politics
6.7 Exercises
7 Reflection seismology
7.1 Zero-offset sections
7.2 Common midpoint stacking
7.3 Sources and deconvolution
7.4 Migration
7.4.1 Huygens principle
7.4.2 Diffraction hyperbolas
7.4.3 Migration methods
7.5 Velocity analysis
7.5.1 Statics corrections
7.6 Receiver functions
7.7 Kirchhoff theory
7.7.1 Kirchhoff applications
7.7.2 How to write a Kirchhoff program
7.7.3 Kirchhoff migration
7.8 Exercises
8 Surface waves and normal modes
8.1 Love waves
8.1.1 Solution for a single layer
8.2 Rayleigh waves
8.3 Dispersion
8.4 Global surface waves
8.5 Observing surface waves
8.6 Normal modes
8.7 Exercises
9 Earthquakes and source theory
9.1 Green’s functions and the moment tensor
9.2 Earthquake faults
9.2.1 Non-double-couple sources
9.3 Radiation patterns and beach balls.
9.3.1 Example: Plotting a focal mechanism
9.4 Far-field pulse shapes
9.4.1 Directivity
9.4.2 Source spectra
9.4.3 Empirical Green’s functions
9.5 Stress drop
9.5.1 Self-similar carthquake scaling
9.6 Radiated seismic energy
9.6.1 Earthquake energy partitioning
9.7 Earthquake magnitude
9.7.1 The & value
9.7.2 The intensity scale
9.8 Finite slip modeling
9.9 The heat flow paradox
9.10 Exercises
10 Earthquake prediction
10.1 The earthquake cycle
10.2 Earthquake triggering
10.3 Searching for precursors
10.4 Are earthquakes unpredictable?
10.5 Exercises
11 Instruments, noise, and anisotropy
11.1 Instruments
11.1.1 Modern seismographs
11.2 Earth noise
11.3 Anisotropy
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